Tüm Yayınlar

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12597/2099

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(1 → 3)-β-d-glucan enhances the toxicity induced by Bortezomib in rat testis.
(2020-03-01T00:00:00Z) Akaras, Nurhan, Abuc, Ozlem Ozgul, Koc, Kubra, Bal, Tugba, Geyikoglu, Fatime, Atilay, Hilal, Erol, Huseyin Serkan, Yigit, Serdar, Gul, Murat; Akaras, N, Abuc, OO, Koc, K, Bal, T, Geyikoglu, F, Atilay, H, Erol, HS, Yigit, S, Gul, M
We aimed to determine the possible effects of the antioxidant agent (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan on bortezomib-induced rat testis damage. We used five groups of rats; control, (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (75 mg/kg), bortezomib group, bortezomib + (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan groups (injection of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan after bortezomib and sacrificed at 48th or 72nd h). The effects of these substances were assessed by measuring the levels of the antioxidant enzymes and LPO, and by performing immunohistochemical analysis with NF-κB. The histology of testis was evaluated using aniline blue staining. (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan leads to significant reductions in the levels of antioxidant enzymes and increased levels of LPO in testes. Moreover, it increased the NF-κB immunopositivity significantly in testis, especially in Bortezomib + (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan group at 48th h. The histological changes were observed in the bortezomib and/or (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan groups. Our results demonstrated that testis damage caused by the treatment with bortezomib was not eliminated by (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan and shockingly it increased the damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The testis damage caused by the treatment with bortezomib was not eliminated by (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan and as a result, β-1,3-(D)-glucan enhanced the toxicity by leading a decrease in the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT, thus caused an elevation in the immunoreactivity of NF-κB and altered the histopathological changes by enhancing the toxic effects of bortezomib. The findings of the previous studies about the antioxidative activity of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan are controversial. So, it is necessary to consider the cytotoxicity of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan in testis tissue. Thus, more studies on testis tissue are necessary to confirm that (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan is safe as an antioxidant.
1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-(6-oxo-3,4-diphenyl-1, 6-dihydropyridazin-1-yl)propan-1-one
(2012-09-01) Aydn A., Akkurt M., Doǧruer D.S., Büyükgüngör O.; Aydin, A, Akkurt, M, Dogruer, DS, Buyukgungor, O
In the title compound, C29H27ClN4O 2, the six-membered ring of the pyridazine group is nearly planar [maximum deviation = -0.062 (2) Å] and its mean plane makes dihedral angles of 43.05 (9), 44.71 (10) and 72.57 (9)°, respectively, with the two phenyl and benzene rings. The piperazine ring has a chair conformation and its mean plane is almost perpendicular to the attached benzene ring, with a dihedral angle of 83.20 (16)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via two pairs of C - H⋯O interactions, which result in the formation of chains propagating along [101̄]. Neighbouring chains are linked via C - H⋯π interactions.
2-(6-Benzoyl-2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazol-3-yl)acetic acid
(2010-01-22) Aydn A., Akkurt M., Önkol T., Büyükgüngör O., Şahin M.F.; Aydin, A, Akkurt, M, Onkol, T, Buyukgungor, O, Sahin, MF
In the title compound, C16H11NO4S, the nine-membered fused ring is nearly planar, with maximum deviations from the mean plane of-0.022 (1) Å for the N atom and 0.011 (1) Å for the S atom, and makes a dihedral angle of 53.56 (7)° with the phenyl ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions.
2-[2-(4-Benzyl-piperazin-1-ylcarbon-yl)eth-yl]-5,6-diphenyl-pyridazin-3(2H) -one
(2008-12-12) Aydn A., Doruer D.S., Akkurt M., Büyükgüngör O.; Aydin, A, Dogruer, DS, Akkurt, M, Buyukgungor, O
The title compound, C30H30N4O2, has a non-planar conformation, the dihedral angles formed by the pyridazinone ring plane and the three phenyl rings being 54.61 (7), 51.10 (7) and 59.53 (8)°. The piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation. Inter- and intra-molecular C - H⋯O contacts are found in the crystal structure and these consolidate the three-dimensional packing.
2-{2-[4-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}-6-(morpholin-4-yl) -4-phenyl-pyridazin-3(2H)-one
(2011-03-01) Aydin A., Şüküroǧlu M., Akkurt M., Büyükgüngör O.; Aydin, A, Sukuroglu, M, Akkurt, M, Buyukgungor, O
In the title compound, C26H28FN5O 3, the morpholine ring adopts a chair conformation. The piperazine ring is puckered [QT = 0.5437 (15) Å, θ = 8.89 (15) and φ = 357.2 (11)°]. The 1,6-dihydropyridazine ring makes dihedral angles of 28.03 (7) and 77.46 (7)° with the phenyl and benzene rings, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked along the c axis by C - H⋯O interactions and are flattened parallel to the ac plane. C - H⋯π interactions also contribute to the stability of the structure.
3-(4-Chloro-benzo-yl)-4-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-1-phenethyl-piperidin-4-ol
(2011-06-01) Aydin A., Akkurt M., Mete E., Sahin E., Gul H.; Aydin, A, Akkurt, M, Mete, E, Sahin, E, Gul, HI
In the title compound, C26H25Cl2NO 2, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation with a cis configuration of the carbonyl and hy-droxy substituents. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings of the chloro-benzene groups is 24.3 (2)°. The phenyl ring forms dihedral angles of 59.4 (3) and 44.1 (3)° with the benzene rings. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular O - H⋯N and C - H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C - H⋯π inter-actions into layers parallel to the bc plane.
3-({4-[(2-Methyl-benzyl-idene)amino]-5-sulfanyl-idene-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl}meth-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one.
(2013-02-01T00:00:00Z) Aydın, Abdullah, Hekimoğlu, Nuray, Akkurt, Mehmet, Onkol, Tijen, Ciçekli, Sölen Urlu, Büyükgüngör, Orhan
In the title compound, C(18)H(15)N(5)O(2)S, a weak intra-molecular C-H⋯S hydrogen bond results in a small dihedral angle of 3.71 (9)° between the methyl-phenyl and triazole rings, which, in turn, form dihedral angles of 80.09 (8) and 77.32 (8)°, respectively, with the benzoxazolone mean plane. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules into chains along [001], and weak C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between the five- and six-membered rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.5074 (11) and 3.616 (1) Å] consolidate the crystal packing.
3-Anilinomethyl-5-chloro-1,3 - Benzoxazol-2(3H)-one
(2012-05-01) Aydin A., Soyer Z., Akkurt M., Büyükgüngör O.; Aydin, A, Soyer, Z, Akkurt, M, Buyukgungor, O
In the title compound, C14H11ClN2O 2, the 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.009 (2) Å] and makes a dihedral angle of 79.15 (7)°with the phenyl ring. Inter-molecular N - H⋯O and weak C - H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds occur in the crystal structure. © Aydn et al. 2012.
4-[(2E)-2-(4-Chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinylidene]-1-methyl-1, 4-dihydro-pyridine monohydrate
(2010-06-11) Aydn A., Akkurt M., Alptüzün V., Büyükgüngör O., Holzgrabe U., Radacki K.; Aydin, A, Akkurt, M, Alptuzun, V, Buyukgungor, O, Holzgrabe, U, Radacki, K
In the title compound, C13H12ClN3· H2O, the organic mol-ecule is almost planar, with a dihedral angle of 3.22 (10)° between the benzene and pyridine rings. The crystal structure is stabilized by O - H⋯N and C - H⋯O hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.630 (1) and 3.701 (1) Å].
A cardioprotective role of Nerium oleander with the expression of hypoxia inducible factor 2A mRNA by increasing antioxidant enzymes in rat heart tissue
(2018-01-01) Hitit M., Corum O., Corum D.D., Donmez H., Cetin G., Dik B., Er A.; Hitit, M, Corum, O, Corum, DD, Donmez, H, Cetin, G, Dik, B, Er, A
Background: Nerium oleander (NO) distillate is used to either protect heart cells against oxidative stress or reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) regulate cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms under hypoxic conditions in which heart cells survive; however, the key responsible mechanism of NO distillate for cardioprotection remains elusive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on heart tissue at different time intervals after administering NO distillate intraperitoneally (IP) while considering the transcriptional regulation of HIFs and representative antioxidant enzymes. Materials, Methods & Results: The NO plant was chopped, and distillated water was added. The mixture was distilled, and the distillate separated and collected into tubes, after which it was lyophilized to obtain dry material. Twenty male Wistar albino rats (2-3 month-old, 250-300 g each) were used in the study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control group (n = 5) received IP injections of saline; the remaining 15 rats received IP injections of a single dose of 7.5 mL NO distillate. The NO distillate injected rats were divided into three groups according to the time from injection to harvest the heart tissue samples. The tissues were collected at 0 h (control; n = 5), 2 h (group 2; n = 5), 4 h (group 3; n = 5), and 8 h (group 4; n = 5) after injection and under general anesthesia (60 mg/kg ketamine, IP + 10 mg/kg xylazine, IP). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess the expression profiles of the genes of interest in the heart tissues. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase was used as the reference gene. The expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA was in a steady state level between the control group and group 2 (P > 0.05); however, it significantly increased in group 3 and 4 compared with that in the control (P < 0.05). Expression of catalase (CAT) mRNA was significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group (P < 0.05) although it was lower in group 3 and 4 than in group 2 (P < 0.05); however, it appeared to be similar among the control group, group 3, and group 4 (P > 0.05). Copper (Cu) SOD mRNA was equally expressed in both the control group and group 2 (P > 0.05) but was lower in group 3 and 4 than in group 2 (P < 0.05). Expressions of HIF1A, HIF2A, and HIF3A mRNA were detected in the rat heart tissues in the control and 2, 4, and 8 h after administration of NO distillate. Expression of HIF1A mRNA was in a steady state and did not differ among groups 2, 3, and 4 (P > 0.05). Similarly, the expression of HIF2A mRNA did not change between the control group and group 2 (P > 0.05); however, it was higher in group 3 than in the control (P < 0.05) and tended to be higher in group 3 than in group 2 (P = 0.063). HIF3A mRNA expression did not change significantly in the heart tissue of any of the groups (P > 0.05). Discussion: The present study using rats determined that MnSOD, CAT, CuSOD, HIF1A, HIF2A, and HIF3A mRNA are expressed in the heart tissues after administration of NO distillate. The increased expression of HIF2A mRNA after 4 h in accordance with a rise in CAT mRNA after 2 h, and MnSOD mRNA after 4 and 8 h might confirm the role of HIF2A mRNA in oxidative stress defense by regulating antioxidant enzymes; consequently, this study may expand our understanding of uses of NO distillate with respect to molecular pathways.
A case with mosaic ring chromosome 18
(2013-11-15) Samli H., Özgöz A., Içduygu F., Hekimler K., Sivaci Y., Imirzalioǧlu N.; Samli, H, Ozgoz, A, Icduygu, FM, Hekimler, K, Sivaci, Y, Imirzalioglu, N
The classical mode of ring chromosome formation is by break forming in both arms of the affected chromosome, fusion of the breaking points and loss of the distal fragments. Ring chromosome of the chromosome 18 is relatively common among ring chromosomes and the rate of having typical clinical sings of 18p and 18q sydromes vary related to the length of the deletion in 18p and 18q. Ring 18 phenotype is characterised by growth retardation, mental retardation and nonspecific abnormalities, also facial dysmorphism and malformations may be observed. Our case referred with congenital malformation, motor mental retardation (MMR), short stature, high palate, pectus excavatus was evaluated genetically. GTL banding and FISH methods were performed for the metaphase plaques obtained from peripheral lymphocytes cultered for 72 hours. The karyotype of the case was detected to be 46,XX,r(18)[25]/46,XX[75] and confirmed by FISH analysis. © Copyright 2013 by Gazi University Medical Faculty.
A cellular automata-based approach for spatio-temporal modeling of the city center as a complex system: The case of Kastamonu, Türkiye
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar O., Varol C.; Isinkaralar, O, Varol, C
Cities are located at the intersection of global interactions and analytical modeling of space is an essential progression to understand the organizational structure of today's cities, which consist of complex networks and self-organizing processes that affect their nonlinear development. The cellular automata-Markov chain (CA-MC) modeling is a preferred method in predictive modeling and land use change studies of complex systems. It is widely used in modeling land use/land cover change. In this paper, the land use change between 1985-2021 in the Kastamonu city center has been examined within the framework of complexity theory. It is aimed to develop a quantitative model for the comparative measurement of temporal complexity variation. In this context, scenarios were designed with two basic approaches; self-organizing and planned city center development and simulations were made for the years 2031 and 2057. The agreement of the model was tested with Kappa statistical values, which resulted to be >0.9438.
A Comparative Density Functional Theory Study of BMSF-BENZ Chemisorption on Zn12O12, Al12P12 Nanocages
(2022-01-01) Al-Sawaff Z.H., Dalgic S.S., Najim Z.A., Othman S.S., Kandemirli F.; Al-Sawaff, ZH, Dalgic, SS, Najim, ZA, Othman, SS, Kandemirli, F
The present study aims to investigate the potential and capability of Zinc-Oxide nanocage and aluminum phosphide nanocage to detect and adsorb ((4-Bromo-7-methoxy-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-{[3-(methylsulfonyl) phenyl]methyl}-2-[4-(propane-2-))yl) phenyl]-1H-1,3-benzothiazole) molecular. For this purpose, we selected seven stable locations for BMSF-BENZ to be adsorbed on the surface of these nanocages. All considered configurations are optimized using DFT theory at the 6-31G** basis set and B3LYP level of theory. Then from optimized structures, the Quantum theory of atom in the molecule (QTAIM), Reduced density gradient (RDG) Analysis, and Molecular Orbital Analysis (MO) were performed. The results showed that the reaction of BMSF-BENZ with the nanocages was highly exothermic, indicating the high chemical adsorption of the new complexes. The adsorption energies on the ZnO nanocage were higher than those of AlP for all the investigated active atoms in the drug complex, where the adsorption energies were (-28.20, -37.86, -27.36, -23.59, -30.30, -42.55, and -32.49) Kcal/mol, and (-17.03, -28.30, -15.45, -16.70, -18.22, -18.35, and -18.64) Kcal/mol for ZnO and Al-P nanocages respectively. Topology analyses such as QTAIM and NCI/RDG indicate that the interactions between the BMSF-BENZ drug and the surface of the ZnO nanocage are more substantial than those of the AlP nanocage. The results of the obtained charge, the total density of states (TDOS), and molecular orbital-boundary analysis confirm a characteristic orbital hybridization upon adsorption of BMSF-BENZ, indicating the potential application of AlP as a biochemical adsorbent for BMSF-BENZ. Nevertheless, ZnO nanocage could be a candidate for drug delivery applications.
A COMPARISON OF MONOLINGUAL AND SEQUENTIAL BILINGUAL TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANALYTIC LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE AND METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS
(2022-12-23) Baytar B., Çakır İ.
Analytic language knowledge has often been highlighted among experts in the field, and its potential effects on metalinguistic awareness have been of great interest to researchers. This study aims to find the relationship between analytic language knowledge and its potential effect on metalinguistic awareness. A total of 210 tertiary level students from three different public universities in Turkey participated the study. The subjects were studying in three different departments: History and Philosophy (i.e., with no analytic language abilities and monolinguals), Turkish Language and Literature (i.e., studying Turkish, their mother tongue, analytically and monolinguals), and English Language Teaching and English Language and Literature (i.e., studying English, their second language, analytically and sequential bilinguals). The participants were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire and a test (adapted from Ter Kuile et al., 2011) written in Indonesian in order to evaluate their metalinguistic awareness, and the results were compared among the departments. The data gathered through the questionnaires were analysed using IBM SPSS 22. The results show that the participants from English Language Teaching and English Language and Literature performed significantly better than the other two groups. No significant difference was found between the History, Philosophy and Turkish Language and Literature departments. The present findings empirically revealed that sequential bilinguals have a greater degree of metalinguistic awareness, and thus alternative curricula for different departments may be adopted in terms of supplementary language courses, and this is one of the implications of this study for future research. Students who have a background in multiple languages, for instance, may be able to enrol in additional language lessons under a plan that is developed by taking metalinguistic abilities into account.
A comparison of the middle school science programmes in Turkey, Singapore and Kazakhstan
(2018-01-01) Yazıcıoğlu Ö., Pektaş M.
Comparative education is important for recognising the education systems of different countries for bringing new practices into the education system and for ensuring educational equality among different societies. This study discusses the education systems of Turkey, Singapore and Kazakhstan. The science programmes of the three countries are compared in terms of their general objectives, processes and skills, content, measurement and evaluation approaches and learning outcomes. This is a comparative education research with a horizontal approach. The middle school science curriculum of the three countries was used as a data collection tool. As a method of analysis, document analysis was carried out. According to the results of the research, the programmes of all three countries are similar in terms of their general aims, processes and skills, but in contrast they have differences in measurement and evaluation approaches and learning approaches.
A critical approach to the term Turkish diaspora: Is there ‘the’ Turkish diaspora?
(2019-09-01) Yaldız F.; Yaldiz, F
In this article, the content of the term of Turkish Diaspora which is frequently being used in political, bureaucratical and academic life is being discussed. Particularly, usage of the term Turkish in between citizenship and kinship meanings, and out of the scope of the constitutional and legal definition makes the term Turkish Diaspora more problematic. It is unclear what is meant by the term Turkish diaspora that is being broadly and indefinitely used, and who are the subjects of Turkish diaspora. Moreover, Turkey’s expectations and implications in her foreign policy regarding the societies which she defines them as diaspora is getting more problematic and important day by day. Despite the enormous scope of the problem, relatively little academic research has been conducted on this subject. This article, with the social constructionist perspective will discuss the phenomenon of Turkish Diaspora.
A DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY (DFT) STUDY ON SILICON DOPED CARBON NANOTUBE Si-CNT AS A CARRIER FOR BMSF-BENZ DRUG USED FOR OSTEOPOROSIS DISEASE
(2022-01-01) Al-Sawaff Z.H., Dalgic S.S., Kandemirli F.
This study aims to investigate the capability of Silicon-Doped Carbon Nanotube (Si-CNT) to detect and adsorb the BMSF-BENZ ((4-Bromo-7-methoxy-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-{ [3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl] methyl}-2-[ 4-(propane-2-))yl) phenyl ]-1H-1, 3-benzothiazole) molecular. For this purpose, we considered different configurations for adsorbing BMSF-BENZ drugs on the surface of the Si-CNT nanotube. All considered configurations are optimized using the density functional theory (DFT) at the 6-31G** basis set and B3LYP-B97D level of theory. Then from optimized structures, for each nanoparticle, we selected seven stable locations for the adsorption of BMSF-BENZ in (Br, N8, N9, N58, O35, O41 and S) active atoms on the surface of the selected nanoparticle. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis, and molecular orbital (MO) analysis were also established. The calculated results indicate that the distance between nanotube and drug from the N8 site is lower than from all other locations sites for all investigated complexes, and adsorption of BMSF-BENZ from the N8 site is more favorable for the Si-CNT nanotube. The adsorption energy, hardness, softness, and fermi energy results reveal that the interaction of BMSF-BENZ with Si-CNT is a promising adsorbent for this drug as Adsorption energy Eads of BMSF-BENZ/Si-CNT complexes are (-13.08,-43.50,-17.90,-31.29,-25.57,-16.56, and-28.05) kcal/mol in the gas phase. As well, the appropriate and spontaneous interaction between the BMSF-BENZ drug and Si-CNT nanoparticle was confirmed by investigating the quantum chemical molecular descriptors and solvation Gibbs free energies of all atoms.
A dog of rostral segmental mandibular fracture and its treatment via interdental loop wiring technique
(2019-01-01) Kaya M., Doǧan E., Okumuş Z.; Elif DOĞAN, Zafer OKUMUŞ, Mahir KAYA
In this case report, the treatment of segmental fracture by interdental loop wiring technique on the left side of the rostral region of the mandible in a 2-year-old male, Terrier breed dog was described. Mandibular fracture occurred due to the attack of another dog. In the clinical examination, there were no pathological symptoms related to neurological findings, respiratory system or the general condition. However, it was determined that the mouth of the animal could not close completely. Gingival laceration was evident. In the preoperative radiographic evaluation, a fracture line was observed between the left mandibular first premolar and the first incisor teeth. The roots of the left canine and the left first premolar teeth were also fractured. Mandibular fracture was reduced via interdental loop wiring after these two teeth were extracted. On the 24th postoperative day, clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed which revealed that this non-invasive fixation method achieved a complete fracture healing without complications. Interdental loop wiring may be used successfully in segmental mandibular fractures in dogs.
A list of the caddisflies (insecta: Trichoptera) from kyrgyzstan, with a new record (triaenodes reuteri mclachlan 1880)
(2020-12-18) KÜÇÜKBASMACI İ., CANBULAT S.; Kucukbasmaci, I, Canbulat, S
The Trichoptera include more species than any of the other primarily aquatic orders of insects, which are usually found in clean fresh water. Distribution of the species of an order based on geography can provide guidance for researchers working in the field. In the current study, for the first time, a list of known Trichoptera species in Kyrgyzstan is given along with a new record. The list is prepared based on the relevant literature between 1875 and 2020 and a study conducted in 2012. Literature search revealed that 21 known species of caddisflies of 13 genera and 8 families have been reported from Kyrgyzstan; our research found that Triaenodes reuteri McLachlan 1880 is also present in Kyrgyzstan. We also re-illustrate the male genitalia of T. reuteri and provide a detailed redescription. Based on literature search and our observations, the Kyrgyzstan caddisfly fauna has been poorly studied; it is expected that new records and new species will be found in Kyrgyzstan through further research.
A major tool for afforestation of semi-aridand anthropogenic steppe areas in Turkey: Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe
(2021-01-01) Ayan S., Yücedaǧ C., Simovski B.; Ayan, S, Yucedag, C, Simovski, B
In Turkey, almost half of which has semi-arid conditions, steppe areas have continuously been increasing. These areas need to be afforested to prevent desertification. For this purpose, this research presents specifically the Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. pallasiana /Lamb./ Holmboe) as a suitable forest tree species for afforestation activities, due to wide distribution both in Turkey and the broader region. After a thorough investigation of past and recent literature, and onsite activities, the review focuses on the production of seeds and seedlings of the species, land preparation and planting technique, post-planting site maintenance, success in the afforestation areas and considerations on Anatolian black pine seed transfer regioning. In conclusion, local ecological conditions regarding the species should always be taken into consideration. Another important issue for the success of afforestation in semi-arid lands is that the preparation activities of the land for afforestation are carried out with appropriate techniques timely and painstakingly. Moreover, after the 2000s, Turkish forestry focused on afforestation in semi-arid and anthropogenic steppe areas. Anatolian black pine is the most widely used tree species in semi-arid lands and anthropogenic areas and plays the major role in successful afforestation.

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