A Comprehensive Overview of the Effects of Saffron Extract and Its Ingredients on Neurologic, Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Diseases: Biological Studies Using CRISPR-Cas9, Docking, Omics and Bioinformatics Approaches

Abstract

Although the types of scientific tests used change over time, saffron intake has been found to reduce symptoms of diabetes, cholesterol, Alzheimer's, depression, and many other diseases. The purpose of this study was to provide safe and well-controlled clinical tests to clearly analyze the potential mechanisms of the effects of saffron. Biological markers after saffron use are measured in relationship with the predicted health results, so that the results of various studies can be compared and explicated. Since the natural propagation of saffron does not occur quickly and its corms can be manually dug up, separated and replanted, biotechnological methods can increase the ability to generate large amounts of various saffron compounds, such as crocin, picrocrocin, crocetin and safranal, in vitro. Since pathogenic plants cause crop losses in agriculture environment, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) can help with biotic and abiotic problems via a crop molecular reproduction plan, with improvement of the genes' responses to issues induced through viruses, fungi, and bacteria. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) methods can be used for determining the maintenance times of ingredients for saffron extract through analyzing solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPMEGC-MS). QSAR is an accurate method for detecting relationships between the molecular properties of chemical reactions and biological systems. Bioinformatics tools can help the mechanism of the transcriptome of saffron based on the structural foundation of the flavor, color biogenesis, genomic establishment and biological gynoecium of saffron. The data extracted from bioinformatics websites can be used for constructing biological routes containing the biosynthesis of main ingredients of saffron, i.e., crocin, crocetin, safranal, picrocrocin. Omics-based technologies have been extensively discussed within biology and can be used for saffron. These studies have given rise to concepts for the better understanding of saffron growth and its therapeutic action. Molecular docking simulation has also been discussed to find the location of safranal inside lysozyme. The interaction of safranal with molecular biology was discussed by mixing approaches including CRISPR/Cas9, docking, bioinformatics and omics. This provides a new approach that is in with the results obtained