Ancient karez systems in Şanlıurfa, Türkiye: detection, analysis, and sustainability of historical water supply networks

Abstract

This study investigates the ancient karez water supply systems in the historical city of Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. Karezes are underground tunnels that collect groundwater and transport it via gravity to provide a reliable water source for urban settlements and agricultural irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. The study focuses on three central karez systems in Şanlıurfa: Old Karez, New Karez, and Germuş Suyu. The research methodology involves establishing the location of water sources using GPS sensors, monitoring transmission routes, documenting the location of shafts and water structures, and computerizing the data using ArcGIS program. The karez network was spatially mapped using comprehensive field studies. In addition, the working system was analyzed based on the cross-sections and images of the system. The study evaluated historical information and current conditions of the water supply system. Comparison of the ancient and modern systems revealed that the resources continued but were not located in the current central business district. The research emphasizes preserving these ancient water supply systems as cultural heritage and sustainable water management in arid regions. Custom-made management models can facilitate protecting and reconstructing hydraulic infrastructures to optimize resource exploitation and increase the effectiveness of water supply systems in arid and semi-arid regions.