Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties as well as Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of subsp. (Vved.) Stearn.

Abstract

In this study, the chemical composition and biological activity of subsp. (Vved.) Stearn were investigated for the first time, focusing on its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm properties. A GC-MS analysis was employed to evaluate the composition of its secondary metabolites, identifying linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and octadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester as the major compounds in ethanol extract. The antimicrobial activity of subsp. was assessed against 26 strains, including standard, food isolate, clinical isolate, and multidrug-resistant ones, as well as three species using the disc diffusion method and the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The extract showed strong antimicrobial activity against strains, including methicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant strains, as well as and . Its antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the DPPH method, revealing a high level of antioxidant activity in the plant. Additionally, the antibiofilm activity of subsp. was determined, demonstrating a reduction in biofilm formation for the ATCC 25922 strain and an increase in biofilm formation for the other tested strains. The findings suggest potential applications of subsp. in the development of novel antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm agents.