Browsing by Author "Isinkaralar K."

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A Study on the Gaseous Benzene Removal Based on Adsorption onto the Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Adsorbent
(2023-04-01) Isinkaralar K.
Removal of benzene is essential for human and environmental health because it has toxic and hazardous properties at various concentrations. Theseneed to be effectively eliminated with carbon-based adsorbents. PASACs, carbon-based adsorbents obtained from using the needles of Pseudotsuga menziesii, were produced by optimized HCl- and H2SO4-impregnated approaches. Regarding physicochemical structure, the optimized PASAC23 and PASAC35 with surface areas of 657 and 581 m2/g and total pore volumes of 0.36 and 0.32 cm3/g showed ideal temperatures of 800 °C. In order to investigate and compare internal benzene removal efficiency, PASAC23 and PASAC35 were studied separately. Initial concentrations were found to range from 5 to 500 mg/m3, and between 25 and 45 °C. The removal rate of benzene by PASAC23 and PASAC35 was 97 and 94% at low concentrations, respectively. While the highest capture amount for PASAC23 and PASAC35 was found to be at 25 °C with 141 and 116 mg/g, the adsorption capacity decreased to 102 and 90 mg/g at 45 °C. The holding capacity decreased between 22.41 and 27.66% due to increasing temperatures. After five cycles of PASAC23 and PASAC35 regeneration, we found that they could remove 62.37 and 58.46% of benzene, respectively. These results confirmed that PASAC23 is a promising environmentally adsorbent for effectively removing benzene with a competitive yield.
Activated carbon production from horse chestnut shells for hydrogen storage
(2022-01-01) Isinkaralar K.; Gullu G.; Turkyilmaz A.; Dogan M.; Turhan O.
New generation clean energy resources can be defined as hydrogen energy. However, the search for techniques accelerated in hydrogen energy converting and storing. In the study, the hydrogen storage capacity of activated carbon was obtained from horse chestnut shells, which is a lignocellulosic waste. It was investigated at cryogenic temperature and room temperature. The raw material's surface area and micropore volume have been increased by chemical activation methods using an activation agent (ZnCl2). Physicochemical analysis of activated carbon was also carried out. As a result of the research, the highest efficiency under constant pressure was obtained as 3.18 wt%.
Adsorption Behavior of Multi-Component BTEX on the Synthesized Green Adsorbents Derived from Abelmoschus esculentus L. Waste Residue
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar K.; Meruyert K.
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) removal is one of the most common difficulties in air pollution control. They are emitted from several processes, prejudicial to the environment and humans. BTEX leads to various environmental risks, and there is a significant need for a creating process for the complete removal of BTEX from air streams. This study’s objective is the multi-component adsorption of BTEX pollutants from an air stream, by synthesizing activated carbons (ACs) under several operations. A lignocellulosic waste biomass, Abelmoschus esculentus L. (AE), was utilized as the precursor for synthesizing activated carbons (AE-ACs), and their surface chemical characteristics were investigated. Optimization processes were examined, and the change in the surface area of AE-ACs was investigated as change of some variables results like activation agent, impregnation ratio, temperature, and activation time. The maximum surface area of 968 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.51 cm3/g were attained at 1:2 impregnation ratio, activation time of 110 min, and activation temperature of 800 °C, under N2 atmosphere. A mixture of BTEX pollutants was employed to consider the effect of humidity (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt%) and initial concentrations (from 5 to 300 mg/m3), using a contact time of 120 min at the temperature of 25 °C. Under the studied conditions, the multi-component and single-component BTEX adsorption capacities by HCl-activated carbon, AE-ACH, were specifically achieved to 6.86–51.36 mg/g and 22–93.62 mg/g, respectively. Overall, Abelmoschus esculentus L. was exploited for the synthesis of AE-ACH which was successfully utilized for efficient BTEX capture from a polluted air stream.
Adsorption of gas-styrene on activated carbon from agro-waste of Silybum marianum L. as a sustainable precursor
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar K.; Mamyrbayeva K.; Hosseini-Bandegharaei A.
Adsorption of gaseous naphthalene on carbonaceous sorbent: perspective of affecting factors
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar K.
Assessing the possibility of airborne bismuth accumulation and spatial distribution in an urban area by tree bark: A case study in Düzce, Türkiye
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar K.; Isinkaralar O.; Koç İ.; Özel H.B.; Şevik H.
Heavy metal accumulation has been a hot topic of many studies in recent years, as they are toxic elements that can be highly harmful to human health and the environment. The metal concentrations of some trees used for monitoring air quality give information about the pollutant sources in the ambient atmosphere. In this study, P. pinaster, C. arizonica, P. orientalis, C. atlantica, and P. menziesii were determined to investigate their use as biomonitors for air quality. Metallic bismuth and bismuth compounds, which have been widely used in several industries, have low toxicity to humans, although bismuth toxicity can show over-dosage depending on its application. The variability of bismuth levels in the organs of the species was investigated to explain atmospheric deposition over the years. The bismuth accumulation of C. arizonica and P. pinaster increases depending on time interval. The ascending-descending trend in other species could not be obtained clearly via dry and wet deposition of atmospheric metals. Our analysis reveals that the total deposit (barks and wood) of P. pinaster, C. arizonica, P. orientalis, C. atlantica, and P. menziesii were 134, 115, 94, 131, and 148 mg/kg, respectively, and they have been quite clearly reflected atmospheric bismuth deposition. The bismuth concentration has significantly increased since the 1983 sampling; P. menziesii can be valuable bioindicators for highlighting polluted areas. Compared with the traditional air samplers, the proposed P. menziesii bioindicator is proven to be more effective, low cost, and sustainable and thus has broad application prospects in bismuth concentration.
Assessment of Cr and Zn deposition on Picea pungens Engelm. in urban air of Ankara, Türkiye
(2022-01-01) Sulhan O.F.; Sevik H.; Isinkaralar K.
Trace metal pollution is a vital issue in ecological problems (air, soil, and water), and it threatens human health in many urban areas worldwide. The accumulation of heavy metals released from various sources can readily occur on plants and impairs their growth. Therefore, monitoring metal concentration is extremely important when released into the atmosphere from one place to another urban environment. Biomonitor is one of the passive methods used to track selected elements. Chromium (Cr) has adverse effects on plants when it is in high concentrations; therefore, the variation of its concentration in plants is important to be assessed. Another target element, zinc (Zn), has different essential metabolic functions in plants and is crucial in protein and carbohydrate synthesis. It directly affects the plant due to its protein and carbohydrate synthesis role. This study aimed to determine the variation of the Cr and Zn concentration ratio in the organs of Picea pungens Engelm. from Ankara, Türkiye. According to organ, age, washing status, and location, Picea pungens Engelm. showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for Cr and Zn pollution on the road shoulders. Their location on the tree can easily determine the age of the needles and branches. The total values of bark for Cr and Zn were calculated as 23,887 ppb and 672,012 ppb in barks in unwashed samples. The result of the Cr and Zn content was significantly evaluated using ANOVA and Duncan test. The P. pungens is an excellent passive sampler as a biomonitor for the Cr and Zn distribution in the local atmospheric environment.
Atmospheric Cd, Cr, and Zn Deposition in Several Landscape Plants in Mersin, Türkiye
(2022-04-01) Isinkaralar K.; Koc I.; Erdem R.; Sevik H.
The principal problem in dense cities is air pollution and the damage to the environment caused by air pollution. Roadside landscape plants are exposed to air pollutants, especially in small urban centers caused by congested traffic, heating, and industrial enterprises. According to the type of landscape plants, being a good biomonitor varies according to their absorbing capacity of air pollutants. Chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) are the leading pollutants originating from emissions. They are selected and negatively affect several landscape plants in high concentrations. This study aimed to determine their concentration changes according to organ and washing status by commonly used 14 landscape species in parks. The heavy metal holding capacity of 14 species used was compared; chromium, cadmium, and zinc concentrations changed significantly depending on the factors evaluated to adsorb them. The ranking of the accumulation levels was determined as Zn > Cr > Cd and was detected at higher levels in unwashed organs than in the others. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. was shown better biomonitoring features on heavy metal accumulation among all species. Its unwashed leaves’ deposited Cd, Cr, and Zn were 154 ppb, 6400 ppb, and 39,940 ppb, respectively.
Atmospheric deposition of Pb and Cd in the Cedrus atlantica for environmental biomonitoring
(2022-07-01) Isinkaralar K.; Isinkaralar, K
Atmospheric heavy metal deposition is widely occurring due to anthropogenic effects such as industrial activities and motor vehicles. As a result, it has increased significantly and reached a level that threatens human health and the environment. Among these deposition factors, it is of great importance to monitor the atmospheric concentrations of heavy metals that do not easily degrade in nature, tend to bioaccumulate, and can be toxic even at low concentration levels. Biomonitoring is one of the most impressive passive methods in determining the change of heavy metal concentrations in the atmosphere. This study investigates the effect of anthropogenic emission sources in urban areas using tree rings as a biomonitor. Cedrus atlantica was selected, because it is generally preferred in parks, roadside and landscape design. Samples were collected from parks near the road, densely populated, and close to the small-scale industry in Kastamonu, Türkiye. Atmospheric deposition of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in organs were analyzed based on years and directions. Their accumulation in the outer bark was determined to be quite high (Cd value is 2226.2 ppb and Pb value is 38201.1 ppb) compared to other organs. As a result, the traffic density and industrial emissions affect the Pb and Cd concentrations. This study will provide beneficial information for atmospheric heavy metal deposition in landscape plants.
Atmospheric deposition of Pb and Cd in the Cedrus atlantica for environmental biomonitoring
(2022-07-01) Isinkaralar K.
Atmospheric heavy metal deposition is widely occurring due to anthropogenic effects such as industrial activities and motor vehicles. As a result, it has increased significantly and reached a level that threatens human health and the environment. Among these deposition factors, it is of great importance to monitor the atmospheric concentrations of heavy metals that do not easily degrade in nature, tend to bioaccumulate, and can be toxic even at low concentration levels. Biomonitoring is one of the most impressive passive methods in determining the change of heavy metal concentrations in the atmosphere. This study investigates the effect of anthropogenic emission sources in urban areas using tree rings as a biomonitor. Cedrus atlantica was selected, because it is generally preferred in parks, roadside and landscape design. Samples were collected from parks near the road, densely populated, and close to the small-scale industry in Kastamonu, Türkiye. Atmospheric deposition of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in organs were analyzed based on years and directions. Their accumulation in the outer bark was determined to be quite high (Cd value is 2226.2 ppb and Pb value is 38201.1 ppb) compared to other organs. As a result, the traffic density and industrial emissions affect the Pb and Cd concentrations. This study will provide beneficial information for atmospheric heavy metal deposition in landscape plants.
Changes in the particulate matter and CO2 concentrations based on the time and weather conditions: The case of Kastamonu
(2017-01-01) Cetin M.; Sevik H.; Isinkaralar K.
Air pollution is one of the biggest problems raised by the modern life. Each year, thousands of people are affected by air pollution, and some even die of air pollution. In the cities, the times and places where air pollution is at its worst create problems for the people with health issues, affecting their quality of life. Therefore, it would be good for the measures to be taken to carry out air pollution studies on a regional basis and to determine the level of pollution based on certain factors such as traffic density, changes in pollution throughout the day, weather conditions, etc. This study aims to determine the changes in air quality throughout the day depending on the weather conditions and traffic density in various areas of Kastamonu city centre. In line with this purpose, we examined the changes in the particulate matter (in 3 different sizes) and CO2 concentrations of the air based on certain factors. The results show that the quality of air changes to a great extent depending on all the factors studied.
Climate-related spatial reduction risk of agricultural lands on the Mediterranean coast in Türkiye and scenario-based modelling of urban growth
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar O.; Isinkaralar K.; Yilmaz D.
Comparison of the gaseous benzene adsorption capacity by activated carbons from Fraxinus excelsior L. as a lignocellulosic residual
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar K.
Comparison of the rate of certain trace metals accumulation in indoor plants for smoking and non-smoking areas
(2023-01-01) Ghoma W.E.O.; Sevik H.; Isinkaralar K.
Tobacco smoke causes to release severe toxic metals into the environment. It is recognized as the most significant issue in indoor air quality. Pollution and toxic substances in smoke quickly spread and penetrate the indoor environment. Environmental tobacco smoke is responsible for lowering indoor air quality. There is much evidence that poor air quality occurs with inadequate ventilation conditions in indoor environments. The plants have been observed to absorb the smoke in the environment into their own body like a sponge. The plant species in this study can be used easily in almost every office, home, or other indoor areas. Using indoor plants is very beneficial in biomonitoring and absorbing these trace metals. Some indoor plants have shown successful performance as biomonitors for health-damaging pollutants. The study aims to determine the concentration of three trace metals (Cu, Co, and Ni) using five indoor ornamentals frequently used in smoking areas, namely D. amoena, D. marginata, F. elastica, S. wallisii, and Y. massengena. The Ni uptake and its accumulation in S. wallisii, and Y. massengena increased in correlation with smoke areas. However, the rate of accumulation of Co and Cu was found to be independent due to consideration of the environmental emissions. Consequently, our results suggest that F. elastica is more resistant to smoking, whereas S. wallisii would be a better choice as a biomonitoring plant of tobacco smoke.
Detection of landscape species as a low-cost biomonitoring study: Cr, Mn, and Zn pollution in an urban air quality
(2022-10-01) Yayla E.E.; Sevik H.; Isinkaralar K.
Urban air pollution in cities, among the world’s most critical problems, has escalated to such an extent that it threatens human health in many urban centers and causes the death of millions every year. Trace metals are significant among the components of air pollution. Trace metals can endure long without undergoing biodegradation and bioaccumulation in living organisms. Moreover, their concentration in the air increases gradually. Therefore, monitoring metal concentration is extremely important for reliable indicators of environmental pollution. Biomonitoring is an effective method for describing metal concentrations in urban areas. Chromium, manganese, and zinc, selected within the present study, have various adverse effects on plants in high concentrations. Their identification is highly critical for monitoring the pollution level in their regions. This study aimed to determine the Cr, Mn, and Zn concentration changes according to organ, and age in Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Platanus orientalis L., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, and Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carr is 30 years old. The accumulation of metals in the outer bark can be found as follows Zn > Mn > Cr in all species, although Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Platanus orientalis L. can be suitable for biomonitoring tools because concentrations change significantly depending on the airborne metal.
Determination of heavy metal levels using Betula pendula Roth. under various soil contamination in Southern Urals, Russia
(2022-12-01) Isinkaralar K.; Koç I.; Kuzmina N.A.; Menshchikov S.L.; Erdem R.; Aricak B.
Heavy metals are hazardous to environmental and human health. Metals contained in the solid fraction of emissions are fixed in the soil absorbing complex and tend to bioaccumulate in plants, which can be used both to diagnose the level of contamination of forest biogeocenoses and to study the laws of the processes of absorption of contaminants in the soil–plant system. The research aims to determine the degree of pollution in Betula pendula Roth. from emissions from Combine Magnesite (magnesite ore processing and mining plant activity area in Russia) at 1, 3, 10, and 100 km far from the emission source, which experimental plots created in the 1980s. Soil samples were collected from these sites, and 1- and 2-year-old branches and leaf specimens were collected from B. pendula individuals. The lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe) concentrations in soil and organs of B. pendula by the soil depth, washing, organ type, and organ age were determined. As a result, the variations in element concentrations by organs at all the distances and distances for all the organs were significant (p < 0.05). Metal concentrations were higher in the subsoil and leaf collected from 2-year-old branches. These results were interpreted as the higher values in the leaves of 2-year-old branches exposed to heavy metals in the air for a longer time, and the heavy metal concentrations in the subsoil increased due to the decomposition of these leaves. The movement of heavy metals, such as Pb and Cr, in soil was minimal.
Equilibrium study of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) from gas streams by black pine cones-derived activated carbon
(2023-08-01) Isinkaralar K.; Turkyilmaz A.; Lakestani S.
Considering environmental emissions, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are widely used as raw materials in industrial processes. They also affect humans via inhalation, which must be reduced due to their toxicity before further operation. Notably, the leading technologies have tried to remove BTEX emissions with several methods. Continuous innovation of adsorbents is constantly developing in the adsorption mechanism, which has been developed based on waste biomass. Pinus nigra cones is a lignocellulosic raw material that is fast-growing on various soils and found abundant in nature as a precursor. It may be cheaply found available from some natural product vendors. It was used to prepare activated carbon by chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the activating agents between at 550–850 °C for 2 h. Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2 gas adsorption–desorption analyzer were used for KAS-ACs characterization. The high BTEX adsorption capacities by ZnCl2 activated carbons were slightly higher than (SBET: 1849 m2/g for KAS-AC91, and Vtotal: 0.44 cm3/g) others. ANOVA results show a high correlation for the KAS-ACs production with ZnCl2, and there was a statistically significant difference between the mean of Vmicro (cm3/g) with activation temperatures p-values<0.05. The removal capacities at 5 μg/L have been done to evaluate using Tenax TA tubes were 92, 96, 88, and 94.08% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene onto the KAS-AC91 in the following order: Xylenes (181 μg/g)>Toluene (206 μg/g)>Benzene (171 μg/g)>Ethylbenzene(201 μg/g). This suggests that the KAS-AC91 is an efficient BTEX adsorbent and represents a promising attempt to enhance BTEX adsorption in indoor air quality.
Experimental evaluation of benzene adsorption in the gas phase using activated carbon from waste biomass
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar K.
Benzene is a toxic substance among the volatile organic compounds threatening public health even at low concentrations. Of the many volatiles, it is used in several solvent-based productions and can quickly turn into a gas phase at room temperature. The importance of benzene exposure may be a risk to humans if the amount increases indoors due to an identified carcinogen. However, traditional adsorbents play a lowly role in the purification and separation of benzene. In this paper, the performance of produced adsorbents (GR1-150AC) on benzene removal efficiencies from Gleditsia riacanthos L. has been evaluated by chemical activation treatment. Among the tested adsorbents, GR54AC and GR118AC are better than most adsorbents for removing benzene. Here, GR54AC and GR118AC were produced with 1:3 (w/v) H2SO4 and 1:4 (w/v) HCl activation at a setting carbonization temperature of 700 and 800 °C, respectively. The pore volumes also reflected the success of HCl and H2SO4 activation, which attained GR54AC (894 m2/g) and GR118AC (748 m2/g); the total pore volume was 0.43 and 0.24 cm3/g, while the micropore volume was 0.32 and 0.16 cm3/g. Moreover, the excellent amount adsorbed with GR54AC varies from 123 to 273 mg/g, and the amount adsorbed of GR118AC increased from 82 to 235 mg/g for 180-min retention time. Results are exciting to assist recent paths for optimizing air filtration systems under actual environmental conditions, particularly regarding its compatibility with the benzene molecular structure of GR54AC.
Experimental evaluation of benzene adsorption in the gas phase using activated carbon from waste biomass
(2023-01-01) Isinkaralar K.
Benzene is a toxic substance among the volatile organic compounds threatening public health even at low concentrations. Of the many volatiles, it is used in several solvent-based productions and can quickly turn into a gas phase at room temperature. The importance of benzene exposure may be a risk to humans if the amount increases indoors due to an identified carcinogen. However, traditional adsorbents play a lowly role in the purification and separation of benzene. In this paper, the performance of produced adsorbents (GR1-150AC) on benzene removal efficiencies from Gleditsia riacanthos L. has been evaluated by chemical activation treatment. Among the tested adsorbents, GR54AC and GR118AC are better than most adsorbents for removing benzene. Here, GR54AC and GR118AC were produced with 1:3 (w/v) H2SO4 and 1:4 (w/v) HCl activation at a setting carbonization temperature of 700 and 800 °C, respectively. The pore volumes also reflected the success of HCl and H2SO4 activation, which attained GR54AC (894 m2/g) and GR118AC (748 m2/g); the total pore volume was 0.43 and 0.24 cm3/g, while the micropore volume was 0.32 and 0.16 cm3/g. Moreover, the excellent amount adsorbed with GR54AC varies from 123 to 273 mg/g, and the amount adsorbed of GR118AC increased from 82 to 235 mg/g for 180-min retention time. Results are exciting to assist recent paths for optimizing air filtration systems under actual environmental conditions, particularly regarding its compatibility with the benzene molecular structure of GR54AC.
Experimental study of formaldehyde and BTEX adsorption onto activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass
(2023-04-01) Isinkaralar K.; Gullu G.; Turkyilmaz A.
Formaldehyde and BTEX have been used for different industries and other activities. They release many ways that negatively affect the environment and human health due to inadequate ventilation and rapidly increasing oscillation conditions. The widely used technology, which activated carbon, is emerging new studies on air pollutants removal. This study was produced activated carbon for formaldehyde and BTEX removal from Aesculus hippocastanum L. biomass. It was used as organic waste that is abundant in nature. The carbonization was taken place at 600 °C and chemical activation by mixing with ZnCl2. The produced activated carbon has a surface area is 1858.42 m2/g. The adsorption capacity acquired from experimental data of VOCs were range from 638 to 1114 µg/g for AC-KN, respectively. The removal capacity of produced activated carbon was investigated in a batch reactor. Also, Freundlich and Langmuir’s isotherms were applied in the study. Accordingly, the experimental data were found compatible with both and a hybrid structure that the formaldehyde and BTEX adsorption by AC-KN was better fitted into the Freundlich model. Overall, the study showed that the produced AC-KN from the Aesculus hippocastanum L. biomass has a perfect potential in the removal of the formaldehyde and BTEX from indoor air.