Browsing by Author "Ferhat KARA"
Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
- Results Per Page
- Sort Options
TRDizin A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands(2018-12-01) Ferhat KARAAim of study: Residual stand densities are commonly defined using basal area (m2 ha-1) (BA) and number of trees per hectare (TPH) when using even-aged silvicultural methods such as clearcutting and shelterwood methods in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. However, it has been stated that absolute density measures such as BA and TPH are not the most useful indexes because growing space at a given BA or TPH varies with average tree diameter. Therefore, silvicultural management tools such as stocking charts (SC) and density management diagrams (DMD) have seemed to be more useful when allocating growing space to achieve a broad range of silvicultural objectives in even-aged stands. Given the importance of stand density on the regeneration success and growth of Scots pine, and given the shortages of absolute density measures (i.e. BA and TPH), a density diagram would be a useful tool for this tree species as well. Thus, in this study, a stand stocking diagram (SD) was developed for Scots pine stands.Material and Methods: Two published equations developed from open grown Scots pine trees, and from normal Scots pine stands were utilized to determine the minimum density of full site occupancy and the average maximum density, respectively. The form of the diagram follows Gingrich stocking chart.Main results: The A-line on the diagram represents the average maximum density where trees, on average, have the minimum growing space needed to survive. The B-line represents the lowest density where canopy closure can occur and is the minimum stocking necessary for full site occupancy or canopy closure. Consistent with a published Scots pine DMD, there is biological relevance and utility to the stocking diagram created in this study.Highlights: With the stocking diagram presented in this paper, regeneration and tending applications will be more practical in Scots pine forests because available growing space will be well-determined and utilized using the diagram.Publication A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands(2018.01.01) Kara, F; Ferhat KARAAim of study: Residual stand densities are commonly defined using basal area (m2 ha-1) (BA) and number of trees per hectare (TPH) when using even-aged silvicultural methods such as clearcutting and shelterwood methods in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. However, it has been stated that absolute density measures such as BA and TPH are not the most useful indexes because growing space at a given BA or TPH varies with average tree diameter. Therefore, silvicultural management tools such as stocking charts (SC) and density management diagrams (DMD) have seemed to be more useful when allocating growing space to achieve a broad range of silvicultural objectives in even-aged stands. Given the importance of stand density on the regeneration success and growth of Scots pine, and given the shortages of absolute density measures (i.e. BA and TPH), a density diagram would be a useful tool for this tree species as well. Thus, in this study, a stand stocking diagram (SD) was developed for Scots pine stands.Material and Methods: Two published equations developed from open grown Scots pine trees, and from normal Scots pine stands were utilized to determine the minimum density of full site occupancy and the average maximum density, respectively. The form of the diagram follows Gingrich stocking chart.Main results: The A-line on the diagram represents the average maximum density where trees, on average, have the minimum growing space needed to survive. The B-line represents the lowest density where canopy closure can occur and is the minimum stocking necessary for full site occupancy or canopy closure. Consistent with a published Scots pine DMD, there is biological relevance and utility to the stocking diagram created in this study.Highlights: With the stocking diagram presented in this paper, regeneration and tending applications will be more practical in Scots pine forests because available growing space will be well-determined and utilized using the diagram.TRDizin Bazı meşcere değişkenlerinin karaçam gençlik sayısı ve büyümesi üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması(2019-12-01) Emirhan KÖSEOĞLU; Ferhat KARA(Pinus nigra Arnold) ormanlarının doğal olarak gençleştirilmesinde yaşanan zorluklar nedeniyle, farklı meşcere değişkenlerinin gençleştirme başarısını üzerine olan etkilerinin iyi anlaşılması oldukça önemlidir. Ülkemizde doğal gençleştirme çalışmalarında meşcere kapalılığı yaygın olarak kullanılan meşcere değişkenlerinden biridir. Fakat, göğüs yüzeyi alanı (GYA) (m2/ha), meşcere stoğu (%) ve meşcere içerisine geçirilen ışık miktarı (GIM) (%) gibi meşcere değişkenlerinin karaçam gençleştirilmesi üzerine etkileri konusunda çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada GYA, meşcere stoğu ve GIM’nin karaçam gençlik sayısı ile beşinci yıl sonundaki kök boğaz çapı (KBÇ) ve boy değerleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi ve karaçam gençlikleri üzerinde hangi parametrenin daha etkili olduğunun saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Kastamonu Araç Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisinde alınan deneme alanlarına ait GYA değerleri hesaplanmış ve her bir deneme alanı için GIM değeri Plant Canopy Imager yardımıyla belirlenmiştir. Deneme alanlarına ait meşcere stoğu karaçam için daha önce geliştirilen formül yardımıyla hesaplanmıştır. Meşcere değişkenleri ile karaçam gençlik sayısı, KBÇ ve boy değerleri arasında anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Ayrıca, seçilen değişkenler içerisinde GIM’in hem gençlik sayısı hem de KBÇ ve boy değerleri üzerinde diğer değişkenlere kıyasla daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, ülkemizde karaçam gençleştirmelerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan meşcere kapalılığı yanında, meşcere stoğu ve özellikle de direk ışık ölçümlerinin de kullanılmasının faydalı olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.TRDizin Climate-Growth Relationships in Managed and Unmanaged Kazdağı Fir Forests(2022-01-01) Ferhat KARAClimate change can affect tree growth, stand productivity, and tree mortality. The sensitivity of tree species to the changing climate may vary in managed and unmanaged forests. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine whether the effects of climate vary in managed and unmanaged Kazdağı fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani) forests in northern Turkey. Individual tree-ring chronologies from the managed and unmanaged forests of the species were used. Results indicated significant effects of climate (i.e., the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI)), and forest type (i.e., managed and unmanaged) on radial growth of Kazdağı fir trees (p < .05). Trees in the unmanaged forest exhibited a lower radial growth rate and a higher sensitivity to climatic conditions compared to the managed forest. This can be associated with the reduced tree density following silvicultural treatments, which result in increased resource availability to the remaining trees in the managed forest. Initial findings would create a basis for future decisions that aim to enhance the resistance of Kazdağı fir forests against the future climate extremes of the region. Long-term monitoring is needed to observe the effects of forest type on the response of Kazdağı fir trees to the climate over time.Publication Climate-Growth Relationships in Managed and Unmanaged Kazdağı Fir Forests(2022-01-01) Kara F.; Kara, FClimate change can affect tree growth, stand productivity, and tree mortality. The sensitivity of tree species to the changing climate may vary in managed and unmanaged forests. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine whether the effects of climate vary in managed and unmanaged Kazdağı fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani) forests in northern Turkey. Individual tree-ring chronologies from the managed and unmanaged forests of the species were used. Results indicated significant effects of climate (i.e., the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI)), and forest type (i.e., managed and unmanaged) on radial growth of Kazdağı fir trees (p < .05). Trees in the unmanaged forest exhibited a lower radial growth rate and a higher sensitivity to climatic conditions compared to the managed forest. This can be associated with the reduced tree density following silvicultural treatments, which result in increased resource availability to the remaining trees in the managed forest. Initial findings would create a basis for future decisions that aim to enhance the resistance of Kazdağı fir forests against the future climate extremes of the region. Long-term monitoring is needed to observe the effects of forest type on the response of Kazdağı fir trees to the climate over time.TRDizin Comparison of unmanaged and managed Trojan Fir–Scots pine forests for structural complexity(2020-10-01) Ferhat KARA; John M. LHOTKAUnmanaged forests may exhibit a higher degree of biodiversity compared to managed forests. We examined and comparedthe stand structure, density, and volume of deadwood components of managed and unmanaged mixed forests of Trojan fir (Abiesnordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani [Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss] Coode & Cullen)–Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Turkey. Thesingle-tree selection method has been employed in the managed forests. Density of large live trees ha–1, density of standing deadwood(SDW) ha–1, and volume of lying deadwood (LDW) (m3 ha–1) were calculated for both treatments (i.e. managed or unmanaged). Resultsshowed that unmanaged forests had significantly higher density of large live trees and SDW compared to managed forests (P < 0.005).In addition, a lower amount of LDW was observed in the managed forests (P < 0.005). Our data suggest that the managed forests’ lackof Scots pine trees in small- and middle-sized diameter classes indicates the potential risk of conversion of these mixed stands into pureTrojan fir forests. Initial results highlight the importance of large tree retention in managed stands to enhance biological diversity.TRDizin Investigation of the 18-Year Status and Changes of Mixed Stands in Europe(2020-12-01) Arif Oğuz ALTUNEL; Ferhat KARA; Emre AKTÜRKForests play essential roles for the protection of the earth when we are struggling with global climate change. It is necessary to examine the current status of the forests and their changes over time in order to determine the precautions to be taken in the future to overcome the environmental issues associated with the climate change. For this reason, the current status and the 18-year change of European Continent mixed forest stands in acreage were examined in this article. The Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) land cover datasets belonging to 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 were used for the analyses in the study. Approximately 2.8 million hectares of mixed forestland have been lost in the last eighteen years in Europe, which has approximately 31 million hectares of mixed forest stands as of 2018. It was determined that this decrease was mostly caused by the change during the period of 2006-2012. In addition, it was revealed that mixed forests of Finland, Germany and Turkey dramatically suffered a high rate of destruction in the last eighteen years as a result of this study.TRDizin The Effects of Windthrow Damage on Soil Properties in Scots Pine, Black Pine and Kazdağı Fir Stands in the Northwest Turkey(2021-03-01) Temel SARIYILDIZ; Ferhat KARA; Gamze SAVACI; Sadık ÇAĞLAR; Esra TOPALAim of study: The short-term effects of windthrow damage on soil properties were investigated in Kazdağı fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) stand in northwest Turkey. Area of study: The study was carried out in Kastamonu and Sinop regions. Material and methods: In order to understand the effects of windthrow damage occurred in 2013, soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-30 cm from the disturbed and undisturbed sites in 2018 (5 year later), and analyzed for soil physical and chemical properties. Main results: The increases in temperature, wind speed and heavy rainfall in the study sites seemed to result in the windthrows. There were significant differences in soil physical and chemical properties among the three tree species, and also between the disturbed and the undisturbed sites. Highlights: After the windthrows, increased SOC and TN stocks, P and K could be related to the accumulation of organic matter. However, we were not able to identify a single mechanism to explain this observed relationship. Thus, the root-soil interactions of the three tree species should be conclusively examined in future studies in order to define the relationships between soil chemical properties and root features.TRDizin Türkiye’deki Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) populasyonları arasında ve içindeki genetik varyasyon(2017-09-01) Osman TOPACOĞLU; Ahmet SIVACIOĞLU; Ferhat KARA; Hakan ŞEVIKÇalışmanın amacı: Genetik varyasyon, ekonomik açıdan değerli ağaç türlerinin sürdürülebilirliği için önemli bir kriterdir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohum meşcerelerinde türün bazı morfolojik özellikleri kullanılarak genetik farklılıkların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Bunun için; tohum örnekleri Orman Ağaçları ve Tohumları Islah Araştırma Entitüsü Müdürlüğünde kayıtlı 14 adet kızılçam tohum meşcerelerinden elde edilen tohumlar ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fideciklerden elde edilen13 morfolojik özellikte ( çimlenme yüzdesi, yaşama yüzdesi, yaşama yüzdesi/ çimlenme oranı, kök boğazı çapı (40-45 günlük fideciklerde), hipokotil uzunluğu, kotiledon sayısı ,kotilodon uzunluğu, kotilodon genişliği, kök boğazı çapı (1- yaşlı fideciklerde), epikotil uzunluğu, ibre uzunluğu, ibre genişliği ve dal sayısı) ölçüm yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar: Elde edilen veriler Cluster ve Penrose istatistiki analizlerle test edilmiştir. Analizlerde Kızılçam tohum meşcerelerinde ve meşcere arasında morfolojik özellikler bakımından önemli farklılıkların bulunduğu görülmektedir. Genetik farklılıkların populasyonlar arasında, populasyonlar içindeki farklılıklardan daha az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma vurguları: Bu çalışma populasyonlar içindeki yüksek genetik varyasyonun ıslah programlarında genetik kazanç için bir fırsat olabileceğini göstermektedir