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Which is more important, foreign direct investment inflow or outflow, on the pollution of European Union countries? Evidence from Panel Fourier symmetric and asymmetric causality

Basit Görünüm
dc.contributor.authorAsiye Tutuncu
dc.contributor.authorOmca ALTIN
dc.contributor.authorŞükran Sırkıntıoğlu Yıldırım
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-04T19:04:58Z
dc.date.issued2023-08-08
dc.description.abstract<title>Abstract</title> <p>Uncertainty remains regarding the impact of foreign direct investments on countries' environmental policies and pollution levels. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between foreign direct investment inflows, outflows, and carbon dioxide emissions for EU (European Union) member states. Accordingly, the data for the period 1993–2019 were subjected to the Panel Fourier symmetric and asymmetric causality tests for 21 EU countries. According to the panel Fourier symmetric causality test results, the effect of foreign investment outflows on carbon dioxide emissions is more dominant in general. While there is a bidirectional relationship between these variables in the Austrian and Slovak Republics, there is a unidirectional relationship between foreign investment outflows to carbon dioxide emissions in Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, and Portugal. On the other hand, one-way causality was found from foreign investment inflows to carbon dioxide emissions in Belgium, Cyprus, France, Ireland, and Romania and from carbon dioxide emissions to foreign investment inflows in Finland, Greece, and Sweden. According to the panel Fourier asymmetric causality test results, causality between variables is statistically significant in many countries. This shows that the asymmetric relationship is essential for the variables.</p>
dc.description.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29821-x
dc.description.urihttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3150390/v1
dc.description.urihttps://dx.doi.org/10.60692/7v8nk-4cv60
dc.description.urihttps://dx.doi.org/10.60692/5vh1e-4z044
dc.description.urihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37726628
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11356-023-29821-x
dc.identifier.eissn1614-7499
dc.identifier.endpage106128
dc.identifier.openairedoi_dedup___::531dd5c719d7e672b38c43074d3c8d9e
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9473-9401
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-2529-4979
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-3578-4074
dc.identifier.pubmed37726628
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85171480876
dc.identifier.startpage106112
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12597/40956
dc.identifier.volume30
dc.identifier.wos001069227000005
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLC
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research
dc.rightsOPEN
dc.subjectEconomics and Econometrics
dc.subjectEconomic Implications of Climate Change Policies
dc.subjectInternationality
dc.subjectEnvironmental Engineering
dc.subjectEconomics
dc.subjectFOS: Political science
dc.subjectEuropean union
dc.subjectMacroeconomics
dc.subjectSocial Sciences
dc.subjectEconomic Impact of Environmental Policies and Resources
dc.subjectFOS: Law
dc.subjectInvestment (military)
dc.subjectInternational economics
dc.subjectQuantum mechanics
dc.subjectFOS: Economics and business
dc.subjectLife Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Analysis
dc.subjectEuropean Union
dc.subjectEconometrics
dc.subjectInvestments
dc.subjectPolitical science
dc.subjectPanel data
dc.subjectPhysics
dc.subjectPolitics
dc.subjectFOS: Environmental engineering
dc.subjectCarbon Dioxide
dc.subjectEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
dc.subjectCausality (physics)
dc.subjectEnvironmental Science
dc.subjectPhysical Sciences
dc.subjectEconomic Development
dc.subjectEnvironmental Pollution
dc.subjectForeign direct investment
dc.subjectLaw
dc.subjectInput-Output Analysis
dc.subject.sdg13. Climate action
dc.titleWhich is more important, foreign direct investment inflow or outflow, on the pollution of European Union countries? Evidence from Panel Fourier symmetric and asymmetric causality
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
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