Yayın: İslâm Dünyasında Astronomi Kuramlar, Konular, Kozmolojik Değerlendirmeler
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Ortaçağ Hıristiyan Dünyası böylesine karanlık bir dönemden geçerken, Ortadoğu’da yeni bir din doğmuş ve bu dinin mensupları, yavaş yavaş Hıristiyanların talip olmadıkları bilim ve felsefe mirasını sahiplenmeye başlamış ve sekizinci ve dokuzuncu yüzyıllarda Müslümanlar Yunan biliminin büyük bir bölümünü Arapçaya aktarıp bilime katkıda bulunmuşlardır. İslâm Dininin ortaya çıktığı sırada Arap Yarımadasında gelişmiş bir bilimsel faaliyet yoktu, ancak komşu ülkelerde, Doğuda, Hindistan’da, Batıda İskenderiye'de, Bizans’ta ve Suriye’de bir hayli gelişmiş bir bilimsel faaliyet mevcuttu. Müslümanlar yaptıkları Fetihler sonucunda Bizanslılarla ve Perslerle karşılaşmışlar ve kendilerinden önceki medeniyetlerin yarattığı eserlerden yararlanmak gerektiğini anlayarak özellikle Abbasîler döneminde yoğun bir çeviri faaliyetine girişmişler, bilim ve felsefe alanlarında atağa kalkmışlar ve kendilerinden önce var olan birikimi anlamaya ve daha sonra da geliştirmeye çalışmışlardır. İslâm dünyasında bilimsel faaliyetlerin gelişmesinde devrin devlet adamlarının ve bizzat halifelerin de önemli rolü olmuştur. Bunlardan, örneğin Harun Reşid (775-809) ve Memûn (813-833), bazı vezirler ve zengin aileler bilimsel faaliyetleri maddi ve manevi olarak desteklemişlerdir. Arapçada ilm-i heyet ya da ilm-i felek terimleriyle karşılanan astronomi, İslam dünyasının daha ilk dönemlerinden itibaren ilgiyle karşılanmıştır. İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde, Hint astronomisi İslâm astronomisinin biçimlenmesinde etkili olmuştur. Müslümanlar, Yunan astronomisi ile tanışmadan önce Brahmagupta'nın Siddhanta'sı aracılığıyla Hint astronomisini tanımışlar ve Batlamyus'u keşfedinceye ve Arapçaya aktarıncaya kadar, araştırmalarını bu esere dayandırmışlardır. İslâm dünyasında astronomlar birbirleriyle bağlantılı iki tür etkinlik üzerinde yoğunlaşmışlardır. İslâm astronomları hem gözlem aletleriyle gökyüzünü gözlemlemişler hem de gözlem verilerini hareketli geometrik düzeneklerle anlamlandırmaya çalışmışlardır. Bunlardan ilki pratik astronominin sahasına giriyordu ve bu konuda İslâm astronomları, belki de gözleme daha yatkın olan bilim anlayışlarının bir sonucu olarak Yunanlılardan daha derin izler bıraktılar. İlk gözlemevleri onlar tarafından kuruldu; gözlemlerin dakikliğini arttırmak için yeni gözlem araçları ve gözlem teknikleri geliştirdiler; hatta bu amaçla, açıların ölçümünde kirişler yerine yeni bulunan trigonometrik fonksiyonları kullanmaya başladılar. Ancak kuramsal astronominin sahasına giren ikinci etkinlikte aynı ölçüde başarılı olduklarını söylemek olanaksızdır. Müslüman astronomlar, Aristoteles’in yolundan giderek, Yer’in hareket etmeksizin evrenin merkezinde durduğuna ve Güneş de dahil olmak üzere diğer bütün gök cisimlerinin onun çevresinde dairesel yörüngeler üzerinde sabit hızlarla dolandığına inandılar. Bu konuda, Batlamyus tarafından önerilen dışmerkez (eksantrik) ve dışçember (episkl) düzeneklerinin önemli değişiklikler yapılmaksızın aktarıldığı görülmektedir. Ancak İslâm astronomları 10. Yüzyıldan itibaren Aristoteles ve Batlamyus’un evren modellerinde bazı problemlere işaret etmişler ve bu problemleri çözmeye çalışarak astronomide yeni matematiksel modeller önererek astronomi bilimine katkılar yapmayı başarmışlardır. Bildirimizde İslâm dünyasında astronomi bilimine ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar, kuramlar, konular, kozmolojik değerlendirmeler, katkılar ve Batı’ya etkileri tartışılacaktır.
While medieval Christendom was going through such a dark period, a new religion was born in the Middle East, and its followers gradually began to claim the heritage of science and philosophy that the Christians had not claimed and in the eighth and ninth centuries, Muslims contributed to science by translating much of Greek science into Arabic. At the time of the emergence of Islam, no scientific activity had been developed in the Arabian Peninsula. Still, there was highly developed scientific activity in neighboring countries, the East, India, Alexandria in the West, Byzantium, and Syria. As a result of their conquests, the Muslims encountered the Byzantines and Persians. Understanding the need to benefit from the works created by the civilizations that preceded them, they embarked on an intensive translation activity, especially during the Abbasid period, and made an attack in the fields of science and philosophy and tried to understand and then develop the accumulated knowledge that existed before them. The statesmen of the time and the caliphs themselves also played an important role in developing scientific activities in the Islamic world. For example, Harun Rashid (775-809) and Mamūn (813-833), some viziers and wealthy families supported scientific activities financially and morally. Astronomy, known in Arabic as “ilm-i heyet” or “ilm-i felek”, has attracted interest from the earliest periods of the Islamic world. In the early periods of Islam, Indian astronomy influenced Islamic astronomy. Muslims became acquainted with Indian astronomy through Brahmagupta's Siddhanta before they were introduced to Greek astronomy. They based their research on this work until they discovered Ptolemy and translated it into Arabic. In the Islamic world, astronomers concentrated on two interrelated activities. Islamic astronomers observed the sky with observation instruments and tried to make sense of the observation data with moving geometric devices. The first was in practical astronomy, in which Islamic astronomers left deeper traces than the Greeks, perhaps due to their more observationally oriented understanding of science. They established the first observatories; they developed new observation tools and observation techniques to increase the punctuality of observations; they even started using newly invented trigonometric functions instead of beams to measure angles for this purpose. However, it is impossible to say they were equally successful in the latter activity, which falls within theoretical astronomy. Following Aristotle's lead, Muslim astronomers believed that the Earth stood at the center of the universe without moving and that all other celestial bodies, including the Sun, orbited around it in circular orbits at constant speeds. In this regard, the eccentric and epicyclic arrangements proposed by Ptolemy were adopted without significant changes. However, Islamic astronomers pointed out some problems in Aristotle's and Ptolemy's models of the universe from the 10th century onwards, and by trying to solve these problems, they contributed to the science of astronomy by proposing new mathematical models in astronomy. This paper will discuss the studies, theories, topics, cosmological evaluations, contributions, and their effects on the West.
While medieval Christendom was going through such a dark period, a new religion was born in the Middle East, and its followers gradually began to claim the heritage of science and philosophy that the Christians had not claimed and in the eighth and ninth centuries, Muslims contributed to science by translating much of Greek science into Arabic. At the time of the emergence of Islam, no scientific activity had been developed in the Arabian Peninsula. Still, there was highly developed scientific activity in neighboring countries, the East, India, Alexandria in the West, Byzantium, and Syria. As a result of their conquests, the Muslims encountered the Byzantines and Persians. Understanding the need to benefit from the works created by the civilizations that preceded them, they embarked on an intensive translation activity, especially during the Abbasid period, and made an attack in the fields of science and philosophy and tried to understand and then develop the accumulated knowledge that existed before them. The statesmen of the time and the caliphs themselves also played an important role in developing scientific activities in the Islamic world. For example, Harun Rashid (775-809) and Mamūn (813-833), some viziers and wealthy families supported scientific activities financially and morally. Astronomy, known in Arabic as “ilm-i heyet” or “ilm-i felek”, has attracted interest from the earliest periods of the Islamic world. In the early periods of Islam, Indian astronomy influenced Islamic astronomy. Muslims became acquainted with Indian astronomy through Brahmagupta's Siddhanta before they were introduced to Greek astronomy. They based their research on this work until they discovered Ptolemy and translated it into Arabic. In the Islamic world, astronomers concentrated on two interrelated activities. Islamic astronomers observed the sky with observation instruments and tried to make sense of the observation data with moving geometric devices. The first was in practical astronomy, in which Islamic astronomers left deeper traces than the Greeks, perhaps due to their more observationally oriented understanding of science. They established the first observatories; they developed new observation tools and observation techniques to increase the punctuality of observations; they even started using newly invented trigonometric functions instead of beams to measure angles for this purpose. However, it is impossible to say they were equally successful in the latter activity, which falls within theoretical astronomy. Following Aristotle's lead, Muslim astronomers believed that the Earth stood at the center of the universe without moving and that all other celestial bodies, including the Sun, orbited around it in circular orbits at constant speeds. In this regard, the eccentric and epicyclic arrangements proposed by Ptolemy were adopted without significant changes. However, Islamic astronomers pointed out some problems in Aristotle's and Ptolemy's models of the universe from the 10th century onwards, and by trying to solve these problems, they contributed to the science of astronomy by proposing new mathematical models in astronomy. This paper will discuss the studies, theories, topics, cosmological evaluations, contributions, and their effects on the West.
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