Browsing by Author "Sariyildiz T."

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Ability of green cover from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and dog rose (Rosa canina L.) to control erosion and improve soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in terraces of Northwest Turkey
(2020-04-01) Sariyildiz T.; Savaci G.
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of green cover and afforestation on soil properties, erosion susceptibility, as well as soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) contents and stock capacities. Mineral soil samples from two soil depths (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) were obtained from a bare soil plot (BSP), a young forest plot (7-year-old juvenile cover; YFP), a mature forest plot (MFP) used as a reference control, a young forest plot with sainfoin green cover (YFP + S), and a young forest plot with dog rose green cover (YFP + R). The soil samples were analyzed for pH, water holding capacity (WHC), soil texture, dispersion ratio, bulk density, SOC, STN, and soil extractable P and K. Soil bulk density, soil volume, and the SOC and STN were used to calculate the mean SOC and STN stocks. Results showed that afforestation and green cover significantly influenced the chemical and physical properties of the soil, reduced its dispersion ratio, and increased its SOC and STN stock capacities (P < 0.05). The mean SOC stock was highest for MFP (39.7 t C ha−1), followed by YFP + R (37.1 t C ha−1), YFP + S (35.7 t C ha−1), YFP (22.1 t C ha−1), and BSP (10.9 t C ha−1). However, the mean STN stock was highest for YFP + S (2.40 t N ha−1), followed by MFP (2.25 t N ha−1), YFP + R (2.08 t N ha−1), YFP (1.88 t N ha−1), and BSP (0.55 t N ha−1). These results indicate that with proper care and management, natural or artificial leguminous and shrub species can provide year-round soil protection and minimize soil erosion in black pine plantation terraces. Growing these species could enhance soil productivity by increasing soil organic matter, improving the soil structure, and increasing the water holding capacity and nutrient retention of the soil.
Effect of tree age on chemical compounds of ancient anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) needles in Northwest Turkey
(2018-06-01) Turfan N.; Alay M.; Sariyildiz T.
Plant primary and secondary metabolites are chemical compounds synthesized for essential functions, such as growth and development (primary metabolites), and specific functions, such as pollinator attraction or defense against herbivory (secondary metabolites). Their concentrations in plants are genetically determined, but are also affected by environmental factors. Among these factors, plant age has been reported to influence plant chemical compounds under similar environmental conditions. We aimed to investigate the chemical compounds of ancient Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) needles from trees of different ages. Needles of over 500-, 200-, 100-, 50-, and 25-year-old black pine trees growing under similar environmental conditions were sampled and analyzed for photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), proline, total soluble protein, glucose, sucrose, total soluble sugar, peroxidation level (MDA-malondialdehyde), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antioxidants such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), cata-lase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Significant differences for chemical composition associated with age were found. In general, results showed that over 500-year-old Anatolian black pine had the highest proline, total soluble protein, H2O2, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrates, APX, CAT and SOD concentrations, whereas they had the lowest chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid and glucose concentrations. However, 200-year-old trees had the highest glucose, but the lowest chlorophyll b, proline, H2O2 and total soluble carbohydrates. 50-and 25-year-old trees together showed the highest chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid and MDA, but lowest total soluble protein and sucrose. In conclusion, these results provide valuable insight into the chemical composition of Anatolian black pine needles in relation to their age, and can be used for complementing studies on tree growth-defence relationships.
Effects of forest roads on foliage discoloration of oriental spruce by Ips typographus (L.)
(2009-05-01) Akkuzu E.; Eroglu H.; Sonmez T.; Ahmet Yolasigmaz H.; Sariyildiz T.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of forest roads on foliage discoloration levels of oriental spruce Picea orientalis (L.) Link by Ips typographus (L.), considering location, ground slope and ground surface type of the spruce stands. The study was carried out over two years (2006-2007) in Artvin-Hatila National Park, Turkey. A total of 480 spruce trees from 12 stands were sampled. The results of the study were as follows: 1) locations of the trees (down-slope, up-slope, and forest interior plots) and ground surface types of the area (rocky and non-rocky grounds) significantly affected the foliage discoloration levels, 2) mean foliage discoloration level of trees were highest in the down-slope plots followed by up-slope and forest interior plots, 3) mean foliage discoloration level of trees grown up on the rocky stands were significantly greater than those on the non-rocky stands, and 4) mean stem volume of the trees with the foliage discoloration level 4 (death) were significantly greater than those with the other foliage discoloration levels (0, 1, 2, 3). © 2009 Academic Journals.
Effects of harvesting activities on litter decomposition rates of scots pine, trojan fir, and sweet chestnut
(2015-01-01) Enez K.; Aricak B.; Sariyildiz T.
This study aims to investigate the possible effects of harvesting activities on litter decomposition in micro ecologic areas belonging to 3 different species (Trojan fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. Equi-trojani (Aschers & Sint. ex. Boiss) Coode & Cullen), scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller)). To this end, litter decomposition experiments were carried out on these three species. The litter decomposition specimens were placed on their own stands where there were harvesting activities in previous years and in neighboring stands where there were no harvesting activities for control purposes. Theses micro ecologic areas are nonharvesting activity areas (control) (C), intra-forest skidding roads (Skidding road) (SR), under logging residues (Logging residue) (LR) and areas with a 20% slope and top-soil damaged during harvesting activities and scalped mineral soil (SMS). The decomposition processes were observed for 18 months, mass change values were calculated every six months and their mass loss and decomposition values were calculated. At the end of eighteen months, it was seen that the effects of intra-forest activities on litter decomposition showed differences among micro ecologic areas. According to the study results, forest harvesting activities (C, SR, LR and SMS) affect litter decomposition in various micro ecologic areas that occur in the remaining stand in great extent. As well as this, it is seen that the effect of forest harvesting activities on the litter decomposition is not in the same direction for every species. This study revealed that on micro ecologic areas decomposition sorting in ascending order was LR > C > SMS > SR for scots pine needles, LR = SR > C > SMS for Trojan fir needles, and C > SR > LR > SMS for sweet chestnut leaves. It has been concluded that forest harvesting activities influenced litter decomposition rates significantly.
EFFECTS OF LOGGING RESIDUES AND SKID ROADS ON LITTER DECOMPOSITION RATE AND NUTRIENT RELEASE OF BLACK PINE (Pinus nigra Arnold) AND SCOTS PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.)
(2022-01-01) Enez K.; Savaci G.; Sariyildiz T.
Needle litter decomposition rate and nutrient releases of pure stands of black pine and Scots pine under the three different micro-ecologic sites (skidding road, the logging residues and mineral topsoil) and the control site (non-harvesting site) were studied. The needle litters of Black pine and Scots pine were initially analysed for total carbon and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg, Mn, and Fe). The litter decomposition experiment using the litterbags method was carried out in the field for 18 months. The Scots pine needle litters decayed faster than the black pine litters. Both the Scots pine and Black pine needle litters showed higher mean mass losses under the mineral topsoil and the logging residues than under the skid road and the control site.
Effects of stand age on litter quality, decomposition rate and nutrient release of Kazdagi fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani)
(2020-01-01) Savaci G.; Sariyildiz T.
The influence of stand age on litter quality, decomposition rate and nutrient release was examined in pure stands of Kazdagi fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani [Steven] Spach) differing in age (Fir38, Fir60, Fir90 and Fir100 years). The needle litters were collected and analysed for initial total carbon, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg, Mn and Fe). Initial litter quality parameters varied significantly among the four stand age classes. The Fir60 and Fir100 stands had higher total C than the Fir38 and Fir90 stands, while the Fir38 and Fir100 stands had higher N than the Fir60 and Fir90 stands. Mean cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations were highest in the Fir90 stand, while mean lignin concentration was highest in the Fir38 stand. Fir90 stand showed the highest ratios of C/N and Lignin/N. In general, the older fir stands showed higher Ca, Mg and K concentrations and lower P and S concentrations than the younger stands. The litter, however, showed higher a Mn concentration under the Fir60. Mean Fe concentration was highest under the Fir38 stand and lowest under the Fir60 stand. Litter decomposition was studied in the field using the litterbag technique. The litterbags were placed on the soil under each stand age class and sampled every 6 months for 2 years. The interaction of stand age and time on the mass loss was significant (p<0.01). The repeated measures ANOVA showed that the main effect of time on the mass loss was also significant (p<0.001). Needle litters under Fir100 and Fir60 stands decomposed faster than the needle litters under Fir90 and Fir38 stands. The calculated times required for 50% mass loss were higher under Fir38 (1.35 y) and Fir90 (1.27 y) stands than under Fir100 (1.05 y) and Fir60 (1.06 y) stands. The litters in Fir38 and Fir90 stands need approximately 4 years for 95% mass loss compared to the litters in Fir60 and Fir100 stands, which need 3 years. In general, Ca, Mg and S concentrations increased over time, whereas K and Mn decreased. These results illustrate that stand age is a key factor to be considered when studying litter decomposition dynamics.
Effects of tree species and topography on fine and small root decomposition rates of three common tree species (Alnus glutinosa, Picea orientalis and Pinus sylvestris) in Turkey
(2015-01-01) Sariyildiz T.; Sariyildiz, T
Fine and small roots of trees are an important part of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle because they comprise a large fraction of annual net primary production and as ephemeral tissues they are returned to the soil on relatively short time scales. Their decomposition in soil can play an essential role for nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover within ecosystems that are important determinants of plant productivity and ecosystem carbon (C) storage. However, the processes and factors influencing the fine-root decomposition rates in forest ecosystems has been studied less than that of litter shed from the above ground parts of trees. In the present study, we therefore investigated the effects of tree species, topography and soil depth on the decomposition rates of fine and small roots using alder (. Alnus glutinosa L.), Oriental spruce (. Picea orientalis L.) and pine (. Pinus sylvestris L.) tree species. The root samples collected from two aspects (north and south) and two altitudes (900. m and 1260) on each aspect, and were placed into 0-10. cm and 10-20. cm of soil depth. Standard root samples were also placed on the same sites in order to evaluate the effects of microclimate on the root decomposition rates. Alder roots showed the highest decomposition rates, followed by pine and Oriental spruce roots. For each tree species, the root samples placed on south aspect and at lower slope on each aspect decayed faster than that on north aspect and at higher slope. The root decomposition rates decreased with increasing root thickness and soil depth. Among the tree species, initial root litter quality (especially C:N ratio) played an important role on their decomposition rates. In addition to litter quality factor, air temperature in open area and under the stands affected decomposition rates of the standard root samples.
Effects of tree species and topography on fine and small root decomposition rates of three common tree species (Alnus glutinosa, Picea orientalis and Pinus sylvestris) in Turkey
(2015-01-01) Sariyildiz T.
Fine and small roots of trees are an important part of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle because they comprise a large fraction of annual net primary production and as ephemeral tissues they are returned to the soil on relatively short time scales. Their decomposition in soil can play an essential role for nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover within ecosystems that are important determinants of plant productivity and ecosystem carbon (C) storage. However, the processes and factors influencing the fine-root decomposition rates in forest ecosystems has been studied less than that of litter shed from the above ground parts of trees. In the present study, we therefore investigated the effects of tree species, topography and soil depth on the decomposition rates of fine and small roots using alder (. Alnus glutinosa L.), Oriental spruce (. Picea orientalis L.) and pine (. Pinus sylvestris L.) tree species. The root samples collected from two aspects (north and south) and two altitudes (900. m and 1260) on each aspect, and were placed into 0-10. cm and 10-20. cm of soil depth. Standard root samples were also placed on the same sites in order to evaluate the effects of microclimate on the root decomposition rates. Alder roots showed the highest decomposition rates, followed by pine and Oriental spruce roots. For each tree species, the root samples placed on south aspect and at lower slope on each aspect decayed faster than that on north aspect and at higher slope. The root decomposition rates decreased with increasing root thickness and soil depth. Among the tree species, initial root litter quality (especially C:N ratio) played an important role on their decomposition rates. In addition to litter quality factor, air temperature in open area and under the stands affected decomposition rates of the standard root samples.
Effects of tree species, stand age and land-use change on soil carbon and nitrogen stock rates in northwestern Turkey
(2016-02-01) Sariyildiz T.; Savaci G.; Kravkaz I.S.
Effects of tree species, stand age and land-use change on soil carbon and nitrogen stock rates were investigated in the northwest of Turkey using 4 common tree species as black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Uludag fir (Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmuelleriana). Three tree species (black pine, Scots pine and Oriental beech) were used to investigate the differences in soil C and N among tree species. Old and young Uludag fir stands and adjacent grassland were used to study the differences in soil C and N with stand age and land-use change. Mineral soil samples were taken from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depths, and analyzed for pH, soil texture, bulk density, total soil carbon and total nitrogen. The total soil carbon and total nitrogen pools were then calculated by multiplying soil volume, soil bulk density, and the total soil carbon or total nitrogen content. Results showed significant differences in soil carbon and nitrogen contents, carbon/nitrogen ratios and stock rates among the three species, and between old and young fir stands and grassland. In general, when 0-20 cm soil depth was considered, mean soil carbon stock rate was the highest under black pine (79 Mg C ha-1) followed by Scots pine (73 Mg C ha-1) and beech (67 Mg C ha-1), whereas mean soil nitrogen stock rate was the highest under beech (9.57 Mg N ha-1) followed by Scots pine (5.77 Mg N ha-1) and black pine (4.20 Mg N ha-1). Young fir stands showed lower soil carbon stock, but higher soil nitrogen stock rates compared to old fir stands and grassland. Our results demonstrated that tree species, stand tree age and land-use change can have significant effects on soil carbon and nitrogen content and stocks rates. These findings can help to enhance forest management activities, such as selection of tree species for carbon sequestration in plantation systems, design of sustainable agroforestry systems, and improvement of biogeochemical models.
Evaluation of the soil properties and primary forest tree species in Taskopru (Kastamonu) district
(2018-01-01) Kravkaz-Kuscu I.S.; Sariyildiz T.; Cetin M.; Yigit N.; Sevik H.; Savaci G.
Turkey has different habitat conditions resulting from a wide diversity of climatic and psycho-graphical conditions. Different relationships of topography and climate have caused different geographical and ecological regions. These regional differences significantly affect the spread of plant species and determine distinct species' compositions in different regions. Consequently, Turkey has high pure and mixed natural forests with biological and economic value in terms of both tree species and stand constitutions. Tending works done in the forests has also changed the relationship of light, temperature and humidity in the forest ecosystems. As a result, soil and litter properties changed. Altitude, aspect, slope, topography and soil properties are effective factors for a habitat's productivity. This present study was aimed at determining the properties of the soil and primary tree species located in the Taşköprü district of Kastamonu Province. Taşköprü district is located in the western Black Sea region of the Black Region and is geographically in the Euro-Siberian floristic region. Soil samples were taken from 15 different points, including 5 each from three different areas representing each tree species and from soils under different forest tree species (Scotch pine, black pine, oak) in the Taşköprü region. The stand characteristics of these species, such as age, height, diameter, frequency and litter condition, were measured in the field. Texture, pH, bulk density, organic matter, electrical conductivity (EC) and maximum water holding capacity were determined from the soil samples. These were evaluated for the different forest tree species and obtained soil analysis results.
The effects of different logging techniques on the physical and chemical characteristics of forest soil
(2016-01-01) Eroğlu H.; Sariyildiz T.; Küçük M.; Sancal E.
In this study, we investigated the effects of four timber logging techniques (skyline, skidder, manpower and chute system) on the physical (permeability, field capacity, water holding capacity, bulk density, fine and coarse soil, sand, clay and silt ratios) and chemical properties (electrical conductivity, organic matter, total lime, P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn contents) of forest soil at two soil depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) at loading, unloading, skid road, and undisturbed plots. The logging practices, each consisting of three steps, were executed at 12 testing sites in total, where logging through skylines, ground skidding with manpower, skidding with skidders, and sliding within the chute systems were performed. Our results demonstrate that logging by skidder and manpower can have an important influence on soil permeability, bulk density and soil water balance, and these techniques can significantly reduce soil organic matter content and nutrient levels. It was also noted that these two logging techniques constantly removed the litter and humus from the forest floor, reducing the amount of soil organic matter content and nutrients. The removal of organic matter content and nutrients from the soil will also affect soil organisms, which play an important role in regulating organic matter content decomposition rates.