Browsing by Author "Risvanli A."

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A novel approach in the prevention of mastitis: Electrical teat dipping
(2022-11-09) Risvanli A.; Safak T.; Yilmaz O.; Yuksel B.; Saat N.; Tanyeri B.
Teat dipping is widely used in dairy cattle, especially to protect against contagious mastitis. Here we determine the effect of the device called 'Electrical Teat Dipping' (ETD), which was developed by combining teat dipping application and electrical field stimulation technique on teats. For this purpose, the front teats of 100 Holstein breed milking cows were evaluated in two groups, with ETD being applied once to the left front teat of these cows, and conventional teat dipping (CTD) being applied once to the right front teat, both after milking. Ultrasonographic measurements of the teats were made before milking and after teat dipping. We found that the width of the teat canal (1.88 ± 0.07 mm) in the teat using ETD was narrower after the application compared to those with CTD (2.28 ± 0.05 mm). Based on our findings, we conclude that the effects of ETD on the teat are very positive and can potentially be used as a new approach in the preventative control of mastitis in cows.
Dose related inhibitor effect of enrofloxacin on in vitro feline spontaneous myometrial contractility
(2022-04-01) Dogan H.; Ocal H.; Safak T.; Kilinc M.A.; Risvanli A.
Enrofloxacin is one of the most widely used antibacterial drugs in feline medicine. This study investigated the effects of enrofloxacin on in vitro feline spontaneous myometrial contractility at different sexual stages. Uterine samples of the 20 queen cats at different sexual periods were placed in a tissue bath, and in vitro spontaneous stretch-induced myometrial contractions were recorded for 10 min. The tissue bath was adjusted for cumulative enrofloxacin concentrations of 0.25 mM, 0.50 mM, 1.00 mM, and 2.00 mM, respectively. Myometrial contractions were recorded for 10 min after each dose was adjusted in the tissue bath. It was observed that enrofloxacin caused a significant decrease in the peak amplitude and area under curve, while causing an increase the frequency of stretch-induced myometrial contractions in a dose dependent manner in vitro at all sexual stages. The current preliminary study concluded that enrofloxacin has an inhibitory effect on in vitro feline uterine myometrial activity at all sexual stages. It is recommended to take this medical effect into consideration and apply enrofloxacin and uterotonics together in treatment of uterine infections in feline medicine.
Effect of somatic cell count on milk composition and some chemical properties of milk
(2022-01-01) Safak T.; Risvanli A.
Subclinical mastitis is a very important disease for dairy cattle farms. As a result of the deterioration of milk quality, it causes economic losses in enterprises. Milk samples of 180 cows were divided into five groups according to the somatic cell count. Some chemical properties and composition were measured in milk samples. The ratio of solid-non-fat, mineral matter, lactose, and protein decreased as the somatic cell count of the milk increased (P˂0.05). No statistical difference was observed between the fat content of milk and the level of somatic cell count (P˃0.05). Although specific gravity decreases (P˂0.05), the electrical conductivity increases (P˂0.001) in milk with high levels of somatic cell count. The milk quality of dairy cattle deteriorates due to the high somatic cell count. Therefore, regular monitoring of somatic cell count is recommended in dairy farms to monitor changes in fat, protein, solid-non-fat, lactose, and mineral matter ratios as well as some chemical properties that make up the milk composition
Hematological, serum biochemical results, and treatment approach of an Arabian mare with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva – case report
(2022-01-01) Safak T.; Yilmaz O.; Risvanli A.; Akdeniz-Incili C.
A 20-year-old Arabian mare, was brought to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic with the complaint of an unknown wound in the genital area. Although the mare's general condition was good, examination of the genital area revealed a wide-open wound in the vulva and posterior vagina, characterized by fibrotic growth. The biopsy sample was sent to the pathology laboratory. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was made after histopathological examination. Blood samples for serum biochemistry and hematological tests were collected from the jugular vein. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are generally used to diagnose diseases in animals and humans. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are important with genital SCC. Therefore, the findings of these values are given in this case report
Impact of Subclinical Mastitis-causing Bacterial Species on the Composition and Chemical Properties of Milk
(2023-01-01) Safak T.; Risvanli A.; Ascı-Toraman Z.
Background: Here we investigate whether the composition and some chemical properties of milk can correlate with bacterial species causing subclinical mastitis in cows. Methods: One hundred and eighty cows were used in the study. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the selected cows. The cows were divided into four groups: cows with negative CMT (n=45), the Escherichia coli (n=45), Streptococcus agalactiae (n=45) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=45) groups. Result: Milk composition and some chemical properties were measured. The highest fat ratio (5.82±0.34%) was found in the Escherichia coli group (p<0.05). The proportions of solid-non-fat (9.67±0.09%), protein (3.51±0.03%), lactose (5.29±05%) and mineral matter (0.75±0.01%) were lowest in the Escherichia coli group (p<0.05). The electrical conductivity of milk was lowest in the CMT-negative group (4.23±0.02 mS/cm), while the Streptococcus agalactiae group had the highest value (4.61±0.02 mS/cm) (p<0.05). The specific gravity of the Escherichia coli group was lower than the CMT-negative (1,034.91±0.56 kg/m3) and Staphylococcus aureus (1,034.24±0.65 kg/m3) groups (p<0.05). Based on our findings, we propose that milk composition and some chemical parameters are altered in subclinical mastitis. However, these could not be standardized according to the responsible bacterial species. We recommend that these parameters are monitored regularly on dairy farms.
Investigation of bacterial pathogens in milk from mastitic dairy cattle by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
(2022-03-01) Ozbey G.; Otlu B.; Yakupogullari Y.; Celik B.; Tanriverdi E.S.; Kelestemur N.; Safak T.; Risvanli A.; Persad A.; Sproston E.
The scope of the present study was to assess the use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) as a quick technique for the identification of bacterial species in mastitis. In this study, milk samples from each udder quarter from a total of 250 dairy cattle were aseptically collected and tested. The samples were grouped into California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive, CMT negative and clinical mastitis. The samples were streaked on blood agar and the bacterial isolates were analysed using MALDI-TOF MS. Using MALDI-TOF MS, certain species such as Staphylococcus chromogenes (44/188, 23.4%), Aerococcus viridans (40/188, 21.3%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (19/188, 10.1%) were identified at a higher proportion in milk samples from cattle that were CMT positive. Moreover, the most common bacteria isolated from CMT negative milk samples were A. viridans (56/161, 34.8%), S. haemolyticus (24/161, 14.9%) and S. chromogenes (17/161, 10.6%). Only one isolate of S. chromogenes (1/4, 25%), A. viridans (1/4, 25%), S. haemolyticus (1/4, 25%) and Enterococcus faecium (1/4, 25%) was detected from milk samples with clinical mastitis using MALDI-TOF MS. There was a concurrence between the MALDI-TOF and biochemical bacterial identification method in 325 of 353 samples (92.06%). This study concludes that MALDI-TOF can be applied for quick determination of bacterial isolates once the bacterial colony has been isolated in milk samples.
Investigation of Changes in Biochemical Parameters in Some Diseases Occurring During the Transition Period in Simmental Cows
(2023-01-01) Safak T.; Yilmaz O.; Risvanli A.
The transition period is important in cows. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of retained fetal membranes (RFM), clinical mastitis, and metritis on biochemical and selected mineral levels in Simmental cows. Cows were divided into five groups; cows with RFM (n=17), clinical mastitis (n=25), metritis (n=21) and postpartum healthy cows (n=21) within 21 days postpartum, and also prepartum healthy cows (n=20) in the 15±5 days before the expected parturition date. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (85.18±15.83 U/L), aspartate transaminase (AST) (123.02±19.15 U/L), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (28.18±2.66 U/L) in the metritis group increased compared to the prepartum healthy cows. Moreover, GGT (41.83±14.61 U/L) and a myocardial band of creatine kinase (CK-MB) (155.25±27.85 U/L) activities were highest in the RFM group, while creatine kinase – N-acetyl-cysteine activity (CK-NAC) (540.45±157.67 U/L) and creatinine concentration (2.29±0.88 mg/dL) were observed in the metritis group. Total protein (6.39±0.38 g/dL) concentration was highest in the case of mastitis. Urea, on the other hand, was highest in the metritis group with a concentration of 61.40±17.38 mg/dL. Our results showed changes in the biochemical profile of cows with RFM, clinical mastitis, and metritis. Biomarker profiles were determined using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves. It was determined that activities of ≥ 89 (U/L) AST, ≥ 24 (U/L) GGT, and ≥ 106 (U/L) CK-MB for metritis, ≥ 21(U/L) GGT for RFM, and ≥ 105 (U/L) CK-MB for mastitis can be used in the preliminary diagnosis. Also, further studies with a larger cow cohorts are recommended.
Mixed Bacteriological Isolation Percentages from the Uterus of Cows Slaughtered due to Infertility
(2022-12-01) Risvanli A.; Kalender H.; Safak T.; Yuksel B.F.; Karagulle B.; Yilmaz O.; Kilinc M.A.
Background: Intrauterine mixed infections are an important problem in cattle breeding. In this study, we aimed to determine the mixed bacteriological isolation rates from the uterus of cows with clinical metritis and to reveal the relationships between the bacteria that isolated together. Methods: For this purpose, sterile swabs were taken from 490 uterus obtained from cattle slaughtered due to infertility in three slaughterhouses and used them to perform microbiological tests. After evaluating the data, it was determined that the bacterial isolation rate from uterus with clinical metritis was 76.14% (n = 268). Results: The rates for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 bacteria isolated from the uterus with clinical metritis were 48.13%, 33.96%, 15.30%, 2.24%, and 0.37%, respectively. The isolation rates for Trueperella pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Escherichia coli alone from the uterus with clinical metritis were 27.08%, 28.00%, and 16.51%, respectively. In uterus with clinical metritis, Staphylococcus aureus (16.67%) was the most commonly isolated bacteria with T. pyogenes, Clostridium spp. (16%) co-isolated with F. necrophorum, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (16.51%) and Bacillus spp. (16.51%) were detected with E. coli. Conclusion: As a result, it was concluded that when evaluating the microbiological results for cows with clinical metritis, mixed infections should be taken into more consideration, and the characteristics of the bacteria that isolate together should be considered during the treatment of mixed infections.
Th1 / Th2 cytokine polarization in milk according to different pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in cows
(2022-03-30) Safak T.; Risvanli A.; Asci-Toraman Z.
The aim of this study to determine the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in milk according to the bacterial species that cause subclinical mastitis in cows. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the selected cows. The cows were divided into four groups: cows with negative CMT (n = 45); Escherichia coli (E. coli) group included only cows with E. coli growing in CMT-positive milk samples (n = 45); Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) group included cows with only S. agalactiae growing in CMT-positive milk samples (n = 45); Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) group included cows with only S. aureus growing in CMT-positive milk samples (n = 45). Somatic cell count (SCC) in fresh milk samples was measured using the DeLaval Cell Counter device. Also, cytokine analyses were performed using Species-specific commercial ELISA kits. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations were relatively high in the E. coli group, but the interleukin (IL)-2 concentration was low. The lowest concentration of IL-4 was found in the CMT-negative group. The highest IL-5 concentration was found in the S. agalactiae group, while the highest milk IL-10 concentration was found in the S. aureus group. Also, T helper (Th1/Th2) polarization shifted towards Th1 in milk with mastitis caused by E. coli. Th1/Th2 polarization was shifted to Th2 in milk with mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. agalactiae. Based on our findings, cellular immunity should be maintained in mastitis cases due to E. coli, and humoral immunity should be supported in mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. agalactiae.
The effects of novel electrical teat dipping on some mastitis parameters in dairy herds
(2023-03-24) Safak T.; Risvanli A.; Yilmaz O.; Yuksel B.; Saat N.; Tanyeri B.
Electrical teat dipping (ETD) is a novel, patented method developed by the authors to control mastitis in dairy cows. Here we evaluate the efficacy of ETD in reducing the incidence of clinical mastitis and bulk tank milk somatic cell count (BTMSCC) on three dairy farms over 6 months. ETD was applied for morning and evening milking on three farms, while conventional teat dipping (CTD) was applied on the other three farms. The number of animals and quarters with clinical mastitis and monthly BTMSCC measurements were recorded. We found that the incidence of clinical mastitis was lower on farms using ETD than those using CTD. However, the BTMSCC did not significantly change throughout the study. Based on these findings, we conclude that ETD effectively reduces mastitis rates on dairy farms.
Udder defense system: Effect of milk somatic cell countlevel on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance
(2022-01-01) Safak T.; Risvanli A.
The immune system of the cow is kept strong to protect the cows from mastitis, which causes economic losses for dairy cattle herds. Cellular immunity, especially, plays an important role as a first-line defense system. In the case of inflammation, cytokines play a decisive role in monitoring this process. In this study, the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukins TNF-α, IFN-γ,IL-2, -4, -5, and -10, respectively) concentrations in milk were determined. It was decided to support the humoral and cellular aspects of the udder defense system by determining the T-helper cell (Th1/Th2) cytokine polarization in high SCC milk from cows with signs of mastitis. Milk samples from 180 cows were divided into five groups according to the somatic cell count level (˂ 150 x 103, 151 x 103-400 x 103, 401 x 103-600x103, 601 x 103-1,000 x 103, and > 1,000x103 cells⁄mL). It was understood that the Th1 direction was determined before mastitis was formed, that is when SCC was low (˂ 150 x 103). As a result, it was concluded that theTh1 polarization should be supported to protect cows from mastitis.