Browsing by Author "Mutlu E."

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A comparative study on the effects of lead and zeolite on serum biochemistry of carp fish, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Cyprinidae)
(2015-01-01) Mutlu E.; Demir T.; Kutlu B.
One of the pollutants leading to heavy metal pollution is the lead element. The studies on exposure of fish to lead have shown that this exposure leads to negative effects on body weight, and digestive enzymes and lipase. In humans, the symptoms of chronic lead toxicity are renal malfunction, anemia, brain and liver damage, cancer, hyperactivity, and general psychological impairment. For struggling with this heavy metal contamination, we have a useful tool named "Zeolite". Zeolites are used in many fields such as agriculture, metal industry, energy sector, manufacturing industry, water treatment, animal husbandry, struggling with environmental pollution, and etc. In this study, we utilized the biochemical parameters of carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) in order to reveal the effects of zeolite on fish health and production. The experiments were performed within 100 L glass aquariums with 85×40×30 dimensions. The study was planned for 3 different durations as 35 days, 90 days, and 120 days. The subjects were divided into 4 groups for each of experiment durations. The groups were named Pb(NC)3)2 group, Pb(NO3)2 + Zeolite group, Zeolite group, and control group. At the end of each of the experiment period (on 35th, 90th, and 120th days), the fish in groups were weighed, and the average growth rates of each of the groups were calculated. The parameters used in blood analyses are glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), creatinine (CR), total bilirubin (TBIL), uric acid (UA), and direct bilirubin (DBIL).
A short report regarding the physicochemical properties of surface water quality in Karaçomak stream, Turkey
(2016-04-18) Suţan N.; Mutlu E.; Yanik T.; Dobre R.
Within the scope of present study, the water quality of stream Karaçomak in Kastamonu-Turkey was investigated. Water samples were collected from 9 stations selected on Karaçomak stream, considering the pollution points and the points, where the entrance of water into stream is high. The samples taken were analyzed in terms of water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, saltiness, electrical conductivity, chemical composition and heavy metal content, and for their genotoxic and cytotoxic potential. Physicochemical evaluation indicated that all samples had heterogeneous intensity of environmental influence, but the considerable impact was noticed for the third and seventh stations. The present study highlights the need for continuous evaluation of water pollution level, and is intended to help in mitigating the environmental impacts and improve environmental performance.
Alterations of growth performance and blood chemistry in nile tilapia (Oreochromis nuoticus) affected by copper sulfate in long-term exposure
(2015-09-08) Mutlu E.; Aydın S.; Kutlu B.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO4.(5 H2O)) on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Median (LC50) and minimum (LC1O) lethal concentrations of copper sulfate on Nile tilapia were determined via acute tests. LC50 values of copper sulfate for the 48th, 72nd and 96th hours were 13.15, 12.95 and 12.85 mg/L, respectively. LC10 values of 12, 11 and 9.5 mg/L were obtained for similar exposure periods (48th, 72nd and 96th hours), respectively. The effects of 1.5 mg/L dose of copper sulfate on growth rate, gross clinical observations and blood biochemical parameters of Nile tilapia were evaluated after 35, 65 and 95 days of exposure periods. The differences of growth rates between control and copper sulfate-exposed groups were not significant (P>0.05) at the end of 35, 65 and 95 days. Continuous exposure of Nile tilapia to 1.5 mg/L concentration of copper sulfate in water solution for three periods (35, 65 and 95 days) decreased the total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose (except the elevation in the exposed group at the end of 95 days period), magnesium (Mg+²), calcium (Ca+²), iron (Fe+²), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+1), chloride (CI-) and phosphate values in serum. The cholesterol, low density lipid (LDL), triglyceride, globulin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations in the serum increased in copper sulfate-exposed fish.
Assessment of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal pollution in Çeltek Pond water
(2018-06-01) Mutlu E.; Kurnaz A.
Present study consists the measurement results of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations for Çeltek Pond, Sivas-Turkey. Temperature, pH, salinity and electrical conductivity parameters were obtained from the field using a multiparameter. The analyses of nitrite, nitrate, ammoniac, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+), chloride, phosphate, sulphate, sulphite, potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium were conducted by using HACH LANGE brand DR 6000 laboratory type spectrophotometer, and the analyses of the heavy metals were conducted by using a gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The water quality in Çeltek Pond was found to be Class I according to the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation (SWQMR).
Assessment of spatial and temporal water pollution patterns in Aydos River (Turkey) by using water quality index and multivariate statistical methods
(2022-01-01) Mutlu E.; Uncumusaoğlu A.A.
Küre National Park, which also includes the Aydos River, is Turkey’s First PAN Park (Protected Area Network Parks). The monthly, seasonal, and spatial changes in physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were determined using water quality index (WQI), hierarchical cluster analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), and other statistical methods revealing the water quality characteristics and pollutants. WQI was calculated using parameters constituting the main components of water. It was determined that, according to WHO and SWQR, the water quality of this river varied between high quality and very polluted. The sodium absorption rate, % Na, residual sodium carbonate, and Kelly Ratio results did not exceed the threshold but the water was found to be dangerous in terms of magnesium hazard. In cluster analysis, winter and spring were found to be similar to each other more than autumn and summer. Moreover, with this analysis, the basin was spatially divided into an upper basin and a lower basin. Five main factors were found to be significantly affected by parameters explaining 84.65% of the total variance in PCA. It was found that temperature, anions originating from pesticides and fertilizers, and non-point pollutants originating from heavy metals were the pollution sources of this river. Monitoring is recommended in freshwater management of basins for the future of wildlife.
Assessment of surface water quality using water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses in Saraydüzü Dam Lake, Turkey
(2019-02-01) Kükrer S.; Mutlu E.
In this study, observations were carried out in the surface waters of Saraydüzü Dam Lake within Sinop provincial borders for 1 year to determine water quality. The basic 28 variables used to determine water quality were measured monthly at six stations. Taking into account the World Health Organization's drinking water standards, the water quality index (WQI) and Turkey’s Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs Surface Water Quality Regulations (SWQR) were used in determining the water quality. In addition, irrigation water quality was examined. For this, sodium absorption rates (SAR), sodium percentage and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values were calculated. WQI values in the lake were found to be between 17.62 and 29.88. Water quality parameters did not exceed the recommended limit values in all months and at all stations. According to these values, the Saraydüzü Dam Lake water belongs to the ‘very good’ class in terms of drinking water quality. The results obtained showed that there were no nitrogen or phosphate inputs that could harm the ecosystem in the lake and that there were no low/insufficient ambient oxygen conditions resulting from excessive oxygen consumption during the degradation process of organic matter. All water quality parametres are well below the permissible limits except some heavy metals according to SWQR. Cu, Zn and Fe were found to exceed the limit values. The water quality of irrigation water was found to be good in terms of SAR and sodium percentage, whereas RSC was observed to have varying qualities during the year and not be suitable for irrigation in some months. According to results of factor analysis (FA), pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, suspended solid matter (SSM), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness (TH),total alkalinity (TA), calcium, nitrate, ammonium, mercury and dissolved oxygen are the main variables responsible for the processes in the ecosystem.
Assessment of the potentially toxic element contamination in water of Şehriban Stream (Black Sea Region, Turkey) by using statistical and ecological indicators
(2021-10-01) Tokatli C.; Mutlu E.; Arslan N.
In the present study, the spatial–temporal variations of iron, lead, copper, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and zinc accumulations in the water of Şehriban Stream (northern Turkey) were investigated. Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), and Factor Analysis (FA) were used in analyzing the water quality. Sampling was performed in 12 stations on monthly basis between February 2019 and January 2020 (a hydrological year). The data showed that the Şehriban Stream had significantly high water quality characteristics and the investigated toxicants were not found as dangerous for health. Although there was a slight decrease in the water quality from upstream to downstream, the stream was found to have 1st class water quality in general. As a result of WQI and HEI, although it was determined that the water quality decreased slightly in autumn, the stream was found to be “A Grade – Excellent (<50)” and “Low Contamination (<10),” respectively. As a result of PCI, strong positive correlations were found between almost all the toxicants investigated here (p < 0.01). As a result of FA, 2 factors (“Agriculture – Forestry” and “Rock Structure”) explained 86% of the total variance.
Assessment of the water quality of Bartın Kışla (Kozcağız) Dam by using geographical information system (GIS) and water quality indices (WQI)
(2023-01-01) Şimşek A.; Mutlu E.
This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of the Kışla (Kozcagiz) Dam located in the province of Bartın in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Water samples were collected monthly from 5 stations for a year and analyses were conducted using 27 water quality parameters. The quality of the dam and the water quality parameters were evaluated using different indices in comparison to the limits determined according to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Turkey Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR). Water quality index (WQI), organic pollution index (OPI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), and metal pollution index (MPI) were calculated and spatial assessment of pollution was made seasonally by making use of the geographic information system (GIS). A piper diagram was used in determining the facies of the water. The types of Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3− predominated in the dam water. Moreover, statistical analyses were used in order to determine if there was a significant difference between the parameters. WQI results generally indicate that the water quality was good in all seasons; however, only in the autumn, sampling points S1 (101.58), S2 (100.59), S4 (102.31), and S5 (102.12) showed poor water characteristics. According to the OPI results, while winter and spring yielded good water quality, summer samples were lightly polluted and autumn samples were moderately polluted. Given SAR results, it can be stated that the water of Kışla Dam could be used as irrigation water. Considering the standards specified by WHO and SWQR, the parameters generally exceeded the threshold values, but the water hardness value was much higher than 100 mg L−1 specified in SWQR as very hard water. The principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the pollution sources were anthropogenic. Thus, for the dam water to not be affected by the increasing pollutant factors, it should be continuously monitored, and attention should be paid to the irrigation methods used in agricultural activities.
Determination of environmentally relevant water quality parameters in Serefiye Dam-Turkey
(2016-01-01) Mutlu E.; Demir T.; Yanik T.; Sutan N.A.
The objectives of this study were to observe the monthly and annual changes in water samples through physicochemical methods, to determine the water quality properties, to investigate the pollution problems, to determine the suitability level in terms of aquatic life, and to classify the water quality in accordance with the SWQMR criteria. This study was carried out through monthly sampling between April 2011 and March 2014 in 3 stations at Serefiye Dam, which is a "Class B" dam according to the RAMSAR criteria. The samples were immediately taken to the laboratories for analyses. Station 1 is at the entrance point of Egridere into the dam, 2nd point is at western side of the dam (Serefiye town), and the Station 3 is located at the center of the dam. The water quality in Serefiye dam, which is under protection within the scope of RAMSAR convention, was determined to be Class II according to SWQMR. In order to protect the water quality and to ensure the sustainability of aquatic life in this dam, it is required to make regular observations and to monitor the parameters affecting the water quality and aquatic life.
Determination of seasonal variations of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters in Kildir Pond (Yildizeli - Sivas)
(2021-01-01) Mutlu E.
The objectives of this study were to observe the annual and seasonal changes and the differences between the stations using physicochemical analysis methods, to determine the water quality properties, to reveal the pollution problems, to determine the suitability level in terms of aquatic life, and to classify the quality of water in accordance with the SWQMR criteria. The present study was carried out through monthly sampling for 2 years between April 2016 and March 2018 in 3 stations at Kildir Dam. The water quality in Kildir Dam was found to be Class I according to the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation. In order to protect the water quality and to ensure the health of aquatic life in this dam, regular observations should be made and the parameters affecting the water quality and aquatic life should be monitored.
Effect of zeolite and copper sulfate, administered alone and in combination on the biochemical components of blood serum of common carp, Cyprinus Carpio
(2016-01-01) Mutlu E.; Aydin S.; Demir T.; Yanik T.
Effects of zeolite have been described on the biochemical parameters of blood of Cyprinus carpio exposed to copper sulphate. The control fish showed 57.67% increase in body weight over a period of 90 days. This increase was 26.45% after exposure to copper sulphate (2mg/L) and 32.01% after Zeolite treatment (60 mg/L). When Zeolite was administered along with copper sulfate the fish showed 46.24% increase in body weight. Blood sampling were made for the determination of hematological values (glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), creatinine (CR), total bilirubin (TBIL), uric acid (UA), and direct bilirubin (DBIL)) at 30, 60, 90 days. Fish weight increased 26.45%, 46.29%, 32.01% and 57.67% respectively in groups and differences between groups were significant (p
Evaluating spatial and temporal variation in Tuzaklı Pond water using multivariate statistical analysis
(2019-01-01) Uncumusaoğlu A.A.; Mutlu E.
This study used multivariate statistical techniques to demonstrate the spatial and temporal changes in water quality, main pollutant sources and water quality classes in Tuzaklı Pond. The water quality datasets are obtained on a monthly basis (November 2014–October 2015) using the results of 28 parameters that are obtained from three stations in the pond. Datasets are spatially and temporally assessed using statistical techniques, including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s correlation, hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA indicates the four main components responsible for the data structure, accounting for 88.31% of the total variance of the dataset. These main components are physical parameters, soluble salts (natural), ammonium and phosphorus (agricultural activity), which are nutrient elements. Furthermore, it can be temporally concluded using HCA that the summer and autumn seasons exhibit more similar characteristics as compared to those exhibited by the remaining seasons. According to the water quality and class criteria of Turkey Surface Water Management Regulation and the World Health Organisation (WHO), while this pond generally represents Class I, we observed PO43−, SO32−, NO2− and NO3− (Class II), which resulted in slightly contaminated water.
Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses
(2019-06-01) Mutlu E.
This study of Zerveli stream, Kastamonu, aims to present an assessment of its water quality and to determine the basic factors having a significant effect on the water to identify how these factors account for variations in water quality. Samples of surface water were obtained on a monthly basis between December 2016 and November 2017 at 11 stations along the watercourse. According to these samples, 28 different water quality parameters determining the water quality were evaluated. The results were assessed with respect to the environmental water quality and irrigation water quality. For this purpose, the water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) parameters were calculated. WQI values within the year ranged between 17.26 (excellent) and 223.05 (very poor). Based on the monthly mean values, the water quality was found to be good in December, February, July, and August and poor in the remaining months. Water quality tended to deteriorate the greater the distance from the water source. According to factor analysis (FA), salinity, pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), SO42−, SO32−, NO2−-N, NO−3-N, NH+4-N, and Cl are the main variables responsible for changes in the ecosystem. According to analysis of the irrigation water quality, the stream was found to be suitable for irrigation in terms of SAR (1.07–3.25) and %Na (37.58–61.89) but problematic in terms of RSC (3.80–5.58) values.
Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses.
(2019-05-03T00:00:00Z) Mutlu, Ekrem; Mutlu, E
This study of Zerveli stream, Kastamonu, aims to present an assessment of its water quality and to determine the basic factors having a significant effect on the water to identify how these factors account for variations in water quality. Samples of surface water were obtained on a monthly basis between December 2016 and November 2017 at 11 stations along the watercourse. According to these samples, 28 different water quality parameters determining the water quality were evaluated. The results were assessed with respect to the environmental water quality and irrigation water quality. For this purpose, the water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) parameters were calculated. WQI values within the year ranged between 17.26 (excellent) and 223.05 (very poor). Based on the monthly mean values, the water quality was found to be good in December, February, July, and August and poor in the remaining months. Water quality tended to deteriorate the greater the distance from the water source. According to factor analysis (FA), salinity, pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), SO, SO, NO-N, NO-N, NH-N, and Cl are the main variables responsible for changes in the ecosystem. According to analysis of the irrigation water quality, the stream was found to be suitable for irrigation in terms of SAR (1.07-3.25) and %Na (37.58-61.89) but problematic in terms of RSC (3.80-5.58) values.
Growth and bioaccumulation of cadmium, zinc, lead, copper in Dunaliella sp. isolated from Homa lagoon, eastern Aegean Sea
(2017-01-01) Kutlu B.; Mutlu E.
Present study consists the growth of cell and bioaccumulation capacity of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) by Dunaliella sp. isolated from Homa Lagoon, Eastern Aegean, Turkey. Sterile medium f/2 was used for the cultivation. Growth rate, mean growth rate, relative growth rate and generation time of Dunaliella sp. were calculated for determining the growth of cell. In addition, optimum pH values were determined for each heavy metal. Our results pointed out that the optimum time for harvesting Dunaliella sp. was in 8 days. Uptake of heavy metals of Dunaliella sp. showed high tendency for zinc accumulation followed by copper, lead, and the lowest tendency was for cadmium. Highest bioaccumulation of Zn was determined to be 151.64 µg/L at 2.45 of pH under in situ conditions. pH had noticeably affected the bioaccumulation capacity of Dunaliella sp.
Physicochemical water quality of Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks and blood biochemical parameters of Barbus plebejus fish: assessment of heavy metal concentrations for potential health risks
(2021-11-01) Demir T.; Mutlu E.; Aydın S.; Gültepe N.
The present study aims to comparatively examine the physical quality parameters of water samples taken from Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks in Sivas province and the blood biochemical parameters of blood samples of Barbus plebejus fish obtained from these waters. In periods when chemical pollution in water increased and decreased, it was determined that GLU and UA among blood biochemical parameters were significantly affected. Moreover, the potential risk levels of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and ferrous (Fe) for human health were compared to the international standards. Metal (Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cd) concentrations in the water were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest HQingestion values of Cd were found in Brook Çaltı, which were 0.0018 for adults and 0.1980 for children. THQ upper limit set by the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) is < 1. It was determined that HQingestion, HQdermal, and THQ values of all the heavy metals were much lower than this limit. It was concluded that water quality parameters of samples taken from Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks on monthly basis for 12 months were not higher than the limits and the water qualities of brooks were determined to be “good”.
Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Türkiye), Black Sea Region
(2024-05-01) Tokatli C.; Mutlu E.; Ustaoğlu F.; Islam A.R.T.; Muhammad S.
Water quality assessment in karaboğaz stream basin (Turkey) from a multi-statistical perspective
(2021-01-01) Uncumusaoğlu A.A.; Mutlu E.
This study aims to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes in water quality of Karaboğaz Stream using statistical methods, to determine the main pollutant sources and to demonstrate the water quality classes. Water-quality data were obtained monthly (November 2016-October 2017) from 10 stations and considering 28 parameters. Temporal and spatial variations of Stream surface water quality were analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques on datasets, including agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis refers to the four main components responsible for the data structure and accounts for 87.41% of the total variance of the dataset. The root of these main components is generally related to the point source pollution (anthropogenic), nonpoint source pollution (agricultural activities) and natural processes (climate, soil and rock erosion). The temporal analysis of the water quality with HCA indicated that autumn is different from the other seasons. This study presents the practicality of various statistical methods in assessing and interpreting water-quality data to monitor and increase the management efficiency. When designing the most appropriate action plans for managers to control pollution, clearer, understandable information can be achieved using these methods and interpreting raw data.
Water quality assessment of Şehriban stream (Kastamonu, Türkİye) from a multi-statistical perspective
(2023-01-01) Mutlu E.; Tokatlı C.; Islam A.R.M.T.; Islam M.S.; Muhammad S.
In this paper, water quality of Sehriban Stream, a rare freshwater ecosystem far from human impact and located in the western part of Türkiye’s Karadeniz Region, was studied over a long period of time (a hydrological year). Multivariate statistical approaches such as Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), Factor Analysis (FA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and self-organising maps (SOM) were used to evaluate the water quality and physico-chemical datasets. Samples were taken monthly during February 2019–January 2020 from 12 stations and a total of 21 physicochemical parameters were investigated. The spatiotemporal averages of some organic pollution parameters investigated in the basin were determined as follows: 344 μS/cm for EC, 0.80 mg/L for COD, 0.42 mg/L for BOD, 0.02 mg/L for PO42-, 34.4 mg/L for SO42-, 0.00009 mg/L for NO2, 1.36 mg/L for NO3 and 0.0002 mg/L for NH4−. According to the findings of this study, despite a modest decline in water quality from upstream to downstream, Sehriban Stream was revealed to have first-class water quality features in general and all parameters detected in all seasons at all the investigated stations were below the limit values reported by WHO. The SOM analysis detected three spatial patterns, e.g. pH-salinity-K+-PO42--Mg2+-NO2; DO-Ca2+-NH4− and TDS-EC-Cl−-SO42--COD-BOD-Na+ in water. As a result of PCI, significant positive and negative correlations were recorded among the investigated parameters. Results of FA showed that 2 factors elucidated 85% of total variances, which are named ‘Agricultural Factor’ and ‘Natural Factor’. As a result of CA, 3 significant clusters were identified, which are named ‘Lower Polluted Zone’, ‘Moderate Polluted Zone’ and ‘Higher Polluted Zone’. Overall, this work showed that multi-statistical approaches can be used to assess the water quality in a rare, unpolluted habitat over time and space.