Browsing by Author "Monajjemi M."

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Aging Genome Modification and Editing using the CrisprCas9 system: Anti-Alzheimer Study by Docking Methods
(2023-06-15) Mollaamin F.; Monajjemi M.
Cas-9 is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide for detecting and separating a part of the genome which are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) plays an important role in the human immune system against DNA viruses and is also utilized in genetic engineering approaches. They are able to cut a part of the DNA sequence in genome editing. CRISPR-Cas-9 editing was established by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020). CRISPR has been edited for making transcription items that permit researchers to activate specific genes. There are two categories of CRISPR-Cas; category 1 consists of multiple Cas proteins for degrading foreign nucleic bases. Category 2 consists of a single huge Cas protein for the same role. Aging results from a lifetime of stochastic destruction of tissues and cellular ingredients. Increasing age parallel causes a decrease of immunity and any inflammation related to reflecting incidents of cellular and tissue damage as a function of a lifetime. The DNA sensing signaling is activated via wrong placed cytosolic, which initiates the innate immune responses. Micronuclei are completely related to aging and affect aging due to always occurring in several aging syndromes and cancer. Therefore, micronuclei may present a mechanistic link among genome instabilities, innate immune activation, and a few hallmarks of aging tissues with the different drug properties of Verubecestat, Donepezil, Memantine, galantamine, Tacrine, Exelon, Rivastigmine, 7-MEOTA, and Acyclovir. Among them, Tacrine was found to have the highest (negative) binding energy and was further subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis.
An Aromaticity Study of Localized and Non-Localized Orbitals in (Formula presented.), and (Formula presented.) (n = 0, 1, 2) Rings
(2023-01-01) Monajjemi M.; Rafiee Y.; Mollaamin F.; Shahriari S.
Abstract: Several ions of (Formula presented.) rings in viewpoint of diatropic situation (aromatic) and also paratropic position (anti-aromatic) have been studied. By this work, it has been exhibited that some of these ion rings presented planar and some others exhibit a quasi-planar structures, due to Jahn–Teller and pseudo Jahn–Teller effects. Via this effort, we demonstrated that the global aromaticity or global anti-aromaticity can be assigned on the 4n + 2 (or 4n) electron counting rule for either π- or σ-electrons in the planar structures. In addition, the structures of these ions have been discussed computationally and confirmed via comparisons of experimental photoelectron spectrophotometry.
An Overview for Living in Extraterrestrial Universe without DNA & RNA: Higgs Boson or God Particle as a Common Origin for Universal Life and Living Essence Existence
(2023-02-15) Monajjemi M.
Obviously, the initial biopolymer for any type of universal life on another planet must satisfy other construction of life. Therefore, synthetic enzymes hinted related to cosmic life without DNA or RNA might be produced in another part of the universe. Enzymes can be made from quasi genetic material that does not exist on Earth. So, this discussion is a fundamental theory for the possibility of life that could evolve without DNA or RNA (whom these two self-replicating units for life on Earth). Our universe is surprising in many aspects, allowing for everything we see to exist. Therefore our universe might be the exception that is balanced in this way, and it is only in this balance can there be life. Interestingly, 3 quarks could still exist without the Higgs field, but the electron would remain massless, which means there would no longer be atoms of any kind, no biomolecules, DNA, RNA, and no life.
An Overview for Living in Extraterrestrial Universe without DNA & RNA: Higgs Boson or God Particle as a Common Origin for Universal Life and Living Essence Existence
(2023-02-15) Monajjemi M.
Obviously, the initial biopolymer for any type of universal life on another planet must satisfy other construction of life. Therefore, synthetic enzymes hinted related to cosmic life without DNA or RNA might be produced in another part of the universe. Enzymes can be made from quasi genetic material that does not exist on Earth. So, this discussion is a fundamental theory for the possibility of life that could evolve without DNA or RNA (whom these two self-replicating units for life on Earth). Our universe is surprising in many aspects, allowing for everything we see to exist. Therefore our universe might be the exception that is balanced in this way, and it is only in this balance can there be life. Interestingly, 3 quarks could still exist without the Higgs field, but the electron would remain massless, which means there would no longer be atoms of any kind, no biomolecules, DNA, RNA, and no life.
An Overview of Basis Set Effects for Diatomic Boron Nitride Compounds (B2N^(∓,0)): A Quantum Symmetry Breaking
(2022-09-01) Monajjemi M.; Mollaamin F.; Samiei Soofi N.
The symmetry breaking (SB) of (Formula presented.) not only exhibits an energy barrier for ionic or neutral forms dependent on various basis sets but it also exhibits a few SBs due to the asymmetry stretching and bending mode interactions. SB obeys the mechanical quantum theorem among discrete symmetries and their connection to the spin statistics in physical sciences. In this investigation, the unusual amount of energy barrier of SBs appeared upon the orbit–orbit coupling of BNB (both radical and ions) between transition states and the ground state. Our goal in this study is to understand the difference among the electromagnetic structures of the (B2N(∓,0)) variants due to effects of various basis sets and methods and also the quantum symmetry breaking phenomenon. In the D∞h point group of (B2N(∓,0)) variants, the unpaired electron is delocalized, while in the asymmetric C∞v point group, it is localized on either one of the B atoms. Structures with broken symmetry, C∞v, can be stable by interacting with the D∞h point group. In viewpoints of quantum chemistry, the second-order Jahn–Teller effect permits the unpaired electron to localize on boron atom, rather than being delocalized. In this study, we observed that the energy barrier of SB for BNB increases by post HF methods.
An overview on lambda, epsilon, kappa, iota and zeta variants of covid-19 and its probability to merge with delta & delta plus, why it is a concern
(2022-10-15) Monajjemi M.; Sayiner H.S.; Kandemirli F.; Mollaamin F.
COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 that belongs to the Corona groups. The subgroups of the coronavirus families are α, β, γ, and δ coronavirus. On June 15, 2021, the string λ of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated as a variant of interest via the World Health Organization. This string has a high prevalence in some parts of South American countries, but it occurred only occasionally in Brazil. This study confirms that mutations in the λ-spike protein can be destroyed the neutralizing antibodies and increase infectivity. Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 have an evolutionary superpower called “recombination” which permits the mixing of their genomes into novel combinations. Unlike regular mutation, which precedes slowly one change at a time, recombination can produce whole changes in a coronavirus genome. Although right now, is a concern, a mixing of λ with other variants such as is much more of a concern compared to alone variants. There is another item: the recombination can arise within the sample after it was taken from the infected person, not while it was inside their body.
An overview on low-level laser therapy (Lllt) & cooling laser therapy (c.l.t.) in medical engineering
(2022-10-15) Monajjemi M.; Alihosseini A.; Kandemirli F.; Mollaamin F.
Some essential methods for overcoming the skin problem during laser therapy are Low-Level Laser Therapy and Cooling Laser Therapy in cooling the most superficial layers of the skin. Although melanin absorption will result in heat production during laser exposure, cooling the epidermis can prevent its temperature elevation from exceeding the threshold for thermal injury. L.D.C. is a technique for laser cooling of small particles. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), consisting of Low-intensity radiation in specific wavelengths, has been discussed to trigger cellular proliferation and differentiation through molecular mechanic mechanisms. This work studied the propagation of the laser beam into biological tissue such as the brain and skin by the Monte Carlo method. What is generally accepted is that the energy density required is very small, and the transmit power is less than 0.6 Watts.
An Overview on Nature Function in Relation with Spread of Omicron-Covid-19: Where Will the Next Pandemic Begin and Why the Amazon Forest Offers Troubling Clues
(2023-06-15) Monajjemi M.; Kandemirli F.; Mollaamin F.; Küçük Ö.
The effect of COVID-19 vaccination also depends on the population that accepts vaccines. Improving the COVID-19 vaccination methods will be tremendous to human health and the world economy. So, in this work, we use an interdisciplinary knowledge from climates, social sciences, geography, jungle, forestry and wood industry, genetic analysis, and computational biophysics, including artificial intelligence and docking simulation. The emergence of the omicron variant raises serious concerns because of the initial observation of a significant growth advantage compared to the Delta, lambda, beta, and gamma variants. Although the omicron variant preliminary observed in the EU/EEA and Asian countries depend on travel, several are now observed as parts of pandemic clustering in this zoon. Since, even if the severity of the disease is lower compared with other variants, particularly Delta, the fast transmissibility and resulting exponential growth of cases will soon outweigh any benefits of a potentially reduced severity. This research showed that though omicron covid-19 death cases are less severe than Delta, Omicron will be an important base for the emergence of new further variants through huge mutations in the future, which some are so dangerous. Due to the wet climate, the Amazon jungle is a suitable substrate for emerging any further corona variants.
Analysis of pyridine, picoline and lutidine’s adsorption behavior on the Al (111)-lattice
(2022-06-15) Mollaamin F.; Kandemirli F.; Monajjemi M.
The reactivity and adsorption behavior of five organic inhibitors of pyridine and its derivatives of 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 4-picoline, and 2,4-lutidine at the Al(111) lattice in hydrochloric acid was studied by the principle of the HF and B3LYP level using the 6-31G and LANL2DZ basis sets from the program package gaussian 03. The compound was adsorbed on the metal lattice based on the calculated results, mainly in their protonated forms. In the Al (111)-lattice, the charge is transferred to the inhibitor, and the organic inhibitor is adsorbed at the Al (111)-lattice in an inclined state. The quantum chemical calculations of molecular reactivity show that the frontier orbitals of the four additives are distributed around the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring, the aluminum atom of Al (111)-lattice, and active electrophilic centers are located on the nitrogen atoms of the pyridine ring. All five molecules were adsorbed with the chemical adsorption on the Al (111)-lattice, and the order of adsorption was 2-picoline>2, 4-lutidine> 4-picoline> 3-picoline> pyridine. The N atoms of four derivatives form N-Al bonds with the Al atoms of the Al (111)-lattice, which makes derivatives stably adsorb on the Al lattice.
Anthocyanin compounds of the persian sour cherry (Prunus cerasus l) as the fruit with high antioxidant properties
(2022-06-15) Mollaamin F.; Kandemirli F.; Monajjemi M.
In this work, it has been explained that the significant parameter for increasing the absorbed amount in a direct non-linear track to moving from the Beer-Lambert principle is the self-conjoint of anthocyanins of cy, dp, and pt compounds.The shifting of enthalpy between acn-Al3+/Ga3+/Cr3+/Fe3+/Mg2+ liaison compounds has been studied the double conjunctions and carbonyl groups due to the linkage of B ring for cy, dp, and pt of anthocyanins in vacuum and water ambiance debating the strongness and color of acn-Al3+/Ga3+/Cr3+/Fe3+/Mg2+ linkage of cy, dp, and pt structures in a weakly acidic medium in the Iranian sour cherry. The ACNs including Cy, Dp, and Pt within the largest linkage in the strong part of these compounds by metal cations of Al3+/Ga3+/Cr3+/Fe3+/Mg2+ cause a different limit of colors under acidic pH. Besides, the charge density and electron charges have been received by matching the electrostatic capacity to a constant charge of O+17, O+16, and O+7 particles for cy-Mn+(n:31), dp-Mn+ (n:32) and pt-Mn+(n:35), using the electrophilic parts of cy, dp and pt anthocyanin unities thet indicate the mouvement and the resistance of these structures in the reel samples like persian sour cherry.
Application of DFT and TD-DFT on Langmuir Adsorption of Nitrogen and Sulfur Heterocycle Dopants on an Aluminum Surface Decorated with Magnesium and Silicon
(2023-06-01) Mollaamin F.; Monajjemi M.
In this study, we investigated the abilities of nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclic carbenes of benzotriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol regarding adsorption on an Al-Mg-Si alloy toward corrosion inhibition of the surface. Al-Si(14), Al-Si(19), and Al-Si(21) in the Al-Mg-Si alloy surface with the highest fluctuation in the shielding tensors of the “NMR” spectrum generated by intra-atomic interaction directed us to the most influence in the neighbor atoms generated by interatomic reactions of N → Al, O → Al, and S → Al through the coating and adsorbing process of Langmuir adsorption. The values of various thermodynamic properties and dipole moments of benzotriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol adsorbed on the Al-Mg-Si increased by enhancing the molecular weight of these compounds as well as the charge distribution between organic compounds (electron donor) and the alloy surface (electron acceptor). Finally, this research can build up our knowledge of the electronic structure, relative stability, and surface bonding of various metal alloy surfaces, metal-doped alloy nanosheets, and other dependent mechanisms such as heterogeneous catalysis, friction lubrication, and biological systems.
Application of DFT/TD-DFT Frameworks in the Drug Delivery Mechanism: Investigation of Chelated Bisphosphonate with Transition Metal Cations in Bone Treatment
(2023-03-01) Mollaamin F.; Monajjemi M.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are applied in a drug delivery system, which can be reacted with different structures such biomolecules. Bones have vital functions and are the locations of biochemical reactions in cells that might be exposed various diseases. As different metal ions are integral components of bone tissue with different functions in the physiological cellular medium as well as in bone treatment, they can be used differently as a basis or as a supplement for various materials in the field of bone repair. Therefore, this research aims to represent the recent progress in conjugated bisphosphonate (BP)-divalent transition metal ions of Mn2+, Fe2+, and Co2+ with an emphasis on the properties of interaction with a (6, 6) armchair carbon nanotube as a nanocarrier to exhibit the potential biomedical application of drug delivery. In this article, “CNT” linked to “BP“ of alendronic acid, ibandronic acid, neridronic acid, and pamidronic acid, which are chelated to transition metal cations of Mn2+, Fe2+, and Co2+, was investigated based on DFT insights for obtaining the electron charge density. Transition metals chelating with phosphonate groups, which are large with six O atoms with negative charges, are active in generating chelated complexes with the bisphosphonates [BPs- Mn2+/Fe2+/Co2+] through the status of drug design. In this work, B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)/lanl2dz we have estimated the susceptibility of CNT for conjugating alendronic acid, ibandronic acid, neridronic acid, and pamidronic acid, which are chelated to transition metal cations of Mn2+, Fe2+, and Co2+ through NMR, NQR, IR, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and HOMO-LUMO analysis. Finally, the obtained results have confirmed that the possibility of applying CNT and BPs of alendronic acid, ibandronic acid, neridronic acid, and pamidronic acid becomes suitable in transition metal chelating for delivery application. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energy gaps for BPs of alendronic acid, ibandronic acid, neridronic acid, and pamidronic acid at the B3LYP/6-311+G (d,p) level have revealed that the energy gap reflects the chemical activity of the molecule.
Azo-dye antibacterial with nanotube-[sio2(Oh)2]9 system for drug delivery investigation
(2022-12-15) Monajjemi M.; Kandemirli F.; Mollaamin F.
Azo dye, [SiO2 (OH)2 ]9 molecular ring, and single-walled carbon nanotubes (4,4) SWCNT were considered like an axle, a wheel, and stoppers, respectively. The combination of the azo dye on the [SiO2 (OH)2 ]9 molecular ring with (4,4) SWCNTs may be thought of as a non-covalent system in UV light-isomer-machine. A new molecular motor system that runs like a hinge motion is demonstrated like light-powered molecular hinges. A new molecular motor system that acts as a hinge motion has been demonstrated and introduced as light-moving molecular hinges. By emitting various ultraviolet, visible lights, the [SiO2 (OH)2 ]9 molecular ring in the system can be reversed with the various dumb-bell size on one side attached halogens and fixing it on the other side of the (4,4) SWCNTs surface, a variety of systems in a wide variety of ultraviolet sensors can be designated to a better model of molecular machines and can be used for drug delivery of some antibiotics that are difficult to administer by straight injection. Molecular machines containing a wide variety of ultraviolet sensors have been designed with the combination of azo derivatives formed by replacing different halogens with hydrogen in the azo dye on the [SiO2 (OH)2 ]9 molecular ring to the (4,4) SWCNTs surface.
Biomedical Applications of Bisphosphonate Chelating Agents by Metal Cations as Drug Design for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis using QM/MM Method
(2023-08-15) Mollaamin F.; Özcan S.; Özcan E.; Monajjemi M.
By investigating their pharmacological activity, bisphosphonate drugs can be employed to prevent the loss of one density and treat bone diseases like osteoporosis. The capability of bisphosphonates is to be stuck and be kept within bone during osteoclast-mediated bone inorganic material decomposition. The main problem accompanied by their application is their low oral bioavailability. Several delivery systems, such as metal chelating, nanoparticles, and contrast agents, have been selected to modify their absorption and to conduct them to sites other than bone cells. In this contribution, we have investigated the pharmacological and clinical application of bisphosphonate drugs of 5AFX, 4QPF, 3DYG, 2I19, and 2F92 using novel QM/MM applications of DFT, MC, and MD due to physicochemical properties of NMR, charge transfer, Gibbs free energy, electronic-kinetic and nuclear repulse energies in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. The bisphosphonate agent has been accomplished in chelation with the metal cation of Mg2+ and Cu2+ through the PDB structures of 5AFX, 4QPF, 3DYG, 2I19, and 2F92 drugs. Since the metal binding of phosphonate groups is relatively bulky, with six oxygens having a negative charge more than pH= 4, which is high (approximately four per ligand), these structures are active in forming the chelated compounds through the drug design method. The connection between structure and activity methods play an important role in predicting the biological properties of target compounds and their physicochemical properties. In this article, Ramachandran plot in drug design has played an efficient function in target identification and designing novel drugs for exploring the parameters of amino acid sequence, molecular modeling, and the 3-D structure bisphosphonate agents of novel drugs of 5AFX, 4QPF, 3DYG, 2I19, and 2F92.
Biophysical interface of anti-matter for virtual living in real world: A reality in chemical converted in parallel worlds
(2022-01-01) Monajjemi M.; Kandemirli F.; Sakhaeinia H.; Mollaamin F.
We are going to discuss biology and the biophysical phenomenon of the anti-matters, both experimentally and theoretically or philosophically. Anti-matter is used to treat cancer and thymine dimer problems due to UV radiation. Positrons are beamed through tissue at such velocity that they do not annihilate until they encounter cancer cells. Formed gamma rays damage the cancer tissue. Nowadays, anti-matter is used in positron emission tomography (PET). In evolutionary biology, where we see evidence that consciousness has emerged in at least humans, lifeforms can self-organize to exhibit collective emergent super-consciousness. In this work, we are looking at an ontological explanation of the relationship between the results obtained with the Ecology. The proton transfer mechanism is a critical phenomenon that is related to the acid-base characteristics of the nucleobases in Watson–Crick base pairs. They exhibited a strong probability for protons to change place within the hydrogen bond due to quantum tunneling, which will alter the genetic code and cause mutations. These mutations could be the cause of several diseases such as cancer. Probably, the quantum tunneling effect (such as proton transfer) appears in micro parallel worlds.
BNB-BnNn Nano-Motor in Binding with ACC (tRNA) Nucleotides as an Amino Acid Detector in Ribosome: QM/MM & Monte Carlo Studies
(2023-06-15) Monajjemi M.; Mollaamin F.
The electromagnetic non-bonded interactions of BNB molecule inside the BnNn (such as B12N12, B15N15, and B18N18) ring as a detector for tRNA-Amino acid conjugation has been investigated by QM/MM & Monte Carlo methods. In this study, we have shown that the BNB-BnNn systems can work as a nano rotor-stator for detecting tRNA during the tRNA-Amino-acid conjugation. We have employed the B12N12-tRNA (glu), B12N12–tRNA(phe) and B12N12-BNB-tRNA(arg) systems coupled with BN (-, 0, +) B inside the B12N12 ring (as a rotor) (n=12, 15, 18). We have shown that the tRNA as an extrinsic factor (stator) is set in the BNB-B12N12 system due to the generation of radical, anion, and cation forms of BN(-,0,+)B. We have also calculated the tRNA-BNB-B12N12 and obtained quantized transitional frequencies among the forms of radical, anionic, and cationic. The three frequencies have been yielded as νr-c) 486948.498 GHz, νa-c) 1792900.812 GHz, and νr-a) 2507076.816 GHz. It can be seen that all observed frequencies appeared in the IR and macro wave regions.
Boron nitride doped with transition metals for carbon monoxide detection: a promising nanosensor for air cleaning
(2024-04-09) Mollaamin F.; Monajjemi M.
Carbazochrome carbon nanotube as drug delivery nanocarrier for anti-bleeding drug: quantum chemical study
(2022-01-01) Sayiner H.S.; Kandemirli F.; Dalgic S.S.; Monajjemi M.; Mollaamin F.
The interaction between drugs and single-walled carbon nanotubes is proving to be of fundamental interest for drug system of delivery and nano-bio-sensing. In this study, the interaction of pristine CNT with carbazochrome, an anti-hemorrhagic or hemostatic agent, was investigated with M06-2X functional and 6-31G* basis set. All probable positions of related adsorption for these kind drugs were thought-out to find out which one is energetically suitable. Based on the achieved data, the stronger interactions appeared the oxygen atom of C = O group and nitrogen atom of imine groups. The topology analysis of QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in a molecule) method was accomplished to understand the properties of interactions between the CNT and carbazochrome. Frontier molecular orbital energies of all systems, global index including stiffness, softness, chemical Gibbs energies, and electrophilicity parameters, as well as some other important physical data such as dipole moment, polarizability, anisotropy polarisibility, and hyperpolaribility were calculated, evaluated, and then compared together. The essence of the formed bonding model progress along the reaction roots was further validated using electron localization function (ELF) calculations. The highest values of adsorption energies were determined in the range of 18.24 up to 22.12 kcal mol−1 for these kind systems. The acceptable recovery time of 849 s was obtained for the desorption of carbazochrome from the CNT surface under UV-light. The final results exhibit that carbazochrome can serve as a promising carrier and also as sensitive sensors in any kind of practical application.
Carbon Nanotubes as Biosensors for Releasing Conjugated Bisphosphonates–Metal Ions in Bone Tissue: Targeted Drug Delivery through the DFT Method
(2023-06-01) Mollaamin F.; Monajjemi M.
Corrosion Inhibiting by Some Organic Heterocyclic Inhibitors Through Langmuir Adsorption Mechanism on the Al-X (X = Mg/Ga/Si) Alloy Surface: A Study of Quantum Three-Layer Method of CAM-DFT/ONIOM
(2023-06-01) Mollaamin F.; Monajjemi M.
The physicochemical attributes of inhibitor → metal & metal alloys nanosheet can be one of the fundamental factors for recognizing determining and selecting the Langmuir adsorption through IR, NMR, NQR, NBO, UV–VIS, HOMO/LUMO, and charge distribution and other quantum attributes. Then, the fluctuation of occupancy of natural bond orbitals has been estimated for pyridine → Al–Al, pyridine → Al–Mg, pyridine → Al–Ga, pyridine → Al–Si; 2-picoline → Al–Al, 2-picoline → Al–Mg, 2-picoline → Al–Ga, 2-picoline → Al–Si; 3-picoline → Al–Al, 3-picoline → Al–Mg, 3-picoline → Al–Ga, 3-picoline → Al–Si, 4-picoline → Al–Al, 4-picoline → Al–Mg, 4-picoline → Al–Ga, 4-picoline → Al–Si, and 2,4-lutidine → Al–Al, 2,4-lutidine → Al–Mg, 2,4-lutidine → Al–Ga, and 2,4-lutidine → Al–Si through the Langmuir adsorption process due to concerning the nitrogen atom in the benzene ring of related heterocyclic compounds becoming close to the monolayer nanosurface of aluminum and its alloys. Nuclear magnetic resonance has certainly has focused on the aluminum shielding in the intra-atomic interaction with magnesium, gallium, and silicon and simultaneously interatomic interaction with nitrogen atoms in organic heterocyclic inhibitors through variety of high, medium, and low layers of ONIOM method. In addition, on the basis of the computed amounts of UV–VIS spectra for pyridine and its family adsorbing on the Al alloy surface, there are maximum adsorption bands between 150 and 240 nm. Two maximum adsorption bands for pyridine, 2-picoline, 3-picoline, and 4-picoline are at 200 nm and 250 nm. Besides, it has been observed two maximum adsorption bands for 2,4-lutidine around 170 nm and 210 nm, respectively.