Browsing by Author "Kara, F"
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Web of Science A Gingrich-Style Stocking Chart for Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Forests(2018.01.01) Kara, F; Loewenstein, EF; Lhotka, JM; Kush, JSWeb of Science Publication A silvicultural management tool for the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests(2018-05-19) Kara F.; Kara, FStand density management tools help forest managers and landowners to more effectively allocate growing space so that specific silvicultural objectives can be met. Due to the economic importance of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in Turkey, a stand density management tool was developed for this species to optimize regeneration success rate and tree growth. For the development of this tool, named stand density management diagram (SDMD), we utilized forest inventory data from the Kastamonu Regional Forest Directorate in Turkey. Previously published forest management approaches and models were employed during the development of the tool. The SDMD illustrates the relation among four forest indexes: the basal area per hectare, number of trees per hectare, forest stand volume per hectare, and quadratic mean diameter of the beech stands. The stand stocking percent (SSP) can be determined based upon any two of these four measurements. The results suggest that SSP is a better predictor of tree growth than BA in Oriental beech forests. The newly developed SDMD allows for a more effective use of the growing space to achieve specific silvicultural objectives including tree regeneration, timber production, thinning planning, and wildlife protection in Oriental beech forests.Web of Science Publication A Stocking diagram for silvicultural implications in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands(2018.01.01) Kara, F; Ferhat KARAAim of study: Residual stand densities are commonly defined using basal area (m2 ha-1) (BA) and number of trees per hectare (TPH) when using even-aged silvicultural methods such as clearcutting and shelterwood methods in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. However, it has been stated that absolute density measures such as BA and TPH are not the most useful indexes because growing space at a given BA or TPH varies with average tree diameter. Therefore, silvicultural management tools such as stocking charts (SC) and density management diagrams (DMD) have seemed to be more useful when allocating growing space to achieve a broad range of silvicultural objectives in even-aged stands. Given the importance of stand density on the regeneration success and growth of Scots pine, and given the shortages of absolute density measures (i.e. BA and TPH), a density diagram would be a useful tool for this tree species as well. Thus, in this study, a stand stocking diagram (SD) was developed for Scots pine stands.Material and Methods: Two published equations developed from open grown Scots pine trees, and from normal Scots pine stands were utilized to determine the minimum density of full site occupancy and the average maximum density, respectively. The form of the diagram follows Gingrich stocking chart.Main results: The A-line on the diagram represents the average maximum density where trees, on average, have the minimum growing space needed to survive. The B-line represents the lowest density where canopy closure can occur and is the minimum stocking necessary for full site occupancy or canopy closure. Consistent with a published Scots pine DMD, there is biological relevance and utility to the stocking diagram created in this study.Highlights: With the stocking diagram presented in this paper, regeneration and tending applications will be more practical in Scots pine forests because available growing space will be well-determined and utilized using the diagram.Web of Science Changes in stream morphology protected by best management practices under effects of upstream disturbances(2019.01.01) Cavus, I; Kahn, L; Kara, FWeb of Science CLIMATE AND SILVICULTURAL IMPLICATIONS IN MODIFYING STAND COMPOSITION IN MIXED FIR-PINE STANDS(2020.01.01) Kara, F; Lhotka, JMWeb of Science Climate-Growth Relationships in Managed and Unmanaged Kazdagi Fir Forests(2022.01.01) Kara, FPublication Climate-Growth Relationships in Managed and Unmanaged Kazdağı Fir Forests(2022-01-01) Kara F.; Kara, FClimate change can affect tree growth, stand productivity, and tree mortality. The sensitivity of tree species to the changing climate may vary in managed and unmanaged forests. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine whether the effects of climate vary in managed and unmanaged Kazdağı fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani) forests in northern Turkey. Individual tree-ring chronologies from the managed and unmanaged forests of the species were used. Results indicated significant effects of climate (i.e., the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI)), and forest type (i.e., managed and unmanaged) on radial growth of Kazdağı fir trees (p < .05). Trees in the unmanaged forest exhibited a lower radial growth rate and a higher sensitivity to climatic conditions compared to the managed forest. This can be associated with the reduced tree density following silvicultural treatments, which result in increased resource availability to the remaining trees in the managed forest. Initial findings would create a basis for future decisions that aim to enhance the resistance of Kazdağı fir forests against the future climate extremes of the region. Long-term monitoring is needed to observe the effects of forest type on the response of Kazdağı fir trees to the climate over time.Web of Science Comparison of unmanaged and managed Trojan Fir-Scots pine forests for structural complexity(2020.01.01) Kara, F; Lhotka, JMWeb of Science Determination of deadwood volume and the affecting factors in Trojan fir forests(2017.01.01) Topacoglu, O; Kara, F; Yer, EN; Savci, MWeb of Science Development and anatomical traits of black pine on an abandoned agricultural land compared to forested areas(2021.01.01) Kara, F; Keles, SO; Loewenstein, EFWeb of Science Effects of basal area on survival and growth of longleaf pine when practicing selection silviculture(2017.01.01) Kara, F; Loewenstein, EF; Brockway, DGWeb of Science EFFECTS OF CANOPY STRUCTURE ON GROWTH AND BELOWGROUND/ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS OF SEEDLINGS IN UNEVEN-AGED TROJAN FIR STANDS(2018.01.01) Kara, F; Topacoglu, OPublication Effects of light transmittance on growth and biomass of understory seedlings in mixed pine-beech forests(2022-12-01) Kara F.; Kara, FSeedling growth as well as aboveground and belowground biomass allocation is mostly influenced by Light Transmittance (LT) (%) through the canopy. The knowledge of how understory light conditions affect seedling growth and biomass of different species in mixed forests is not well documented. Thus, it is essential to quantify the effects of light on the growth and biomass of understory seedlings. Given their advantages over pure forests, these quantitative understandings are especially crucial in mixed forests with species whose light demand and shade tolerance vary. This research examined the growth responses of natural-origin Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) seedlings to LT (%) through the canopy in their mixed stands. Linear mixed-effect models were utilized to examine the influence of LT (%) on the seedlings. Moreover, allometric equations for estimating the aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of seedlings were developed for each species. Seedling height, and aboveground and belowground biomass after five years of germination were most significantly affected by LT (%) and tree species in the mixed pine-beech stand (p < 0.001). Biomass models for each species included different variable combinations of seedling height, root-collar diameter, LT (%), and their interactions. This study demonstrates the importance of canopy structure and overstory disturbances for the maintenance of mixed pine-beech forests since canopy structure significantly contributes to the understory light environment.Web of Science Web of Science Effects of stand types on recreational preferences of society in the Sub-Alpine Zone, northern Turkey(2022.01.01) Varol, T; Ozel, HB; Kara, F; Cavus Kara, I; Ayan, SWeb of Science Genetic variations among and within the populations of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) in Turkey(2017.01.01) Topacoglu, O; Sevik, H; Sivacioglu, A; Kara, FWeb of Science Impacts of urban headwater disturbances on downstream sediment loading where streamside management zones for forest harvesting activities are present downstream(2017.01.01) Cavus, I; Kalin, L; Kara, FWeb of Science Influence of stand density and canopy structure on the germination and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings(2018.01.01) Kara, F; Topacoglu, O