Browsing by Author "Kadak, A.E."

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Acceptability of Different Concentrations of Chlorella sp. in Filipino Delicacy Puto as Coloring Agent
(2024) Sarrı, J.H.; Erbil, G.Ç.; Elp, M.; Kadak, A.E.
Natural colorants play a crucial role in food product development and improvement of health. Microalga Chlorella sp. is one of the sources of natural colorant. In this study, different concentrations of microalga Chlorella sp. (0.5, 1, and 2%) were added to Puto as coloring agents to evaluate its sensory properties. Pigments such as chlorophyll a and total carotenoid quantities of Chlorella powder and the experimental group were also investigated. It was found that the natural colorant Chlorella sp. at all levels of concentrations did not affect the color properties (p≥0.05) of the Puto products. However, the smell and texture of Puto differed significantly (p≤0.05) when 2% Chlorella sp. was incorporated. The study also found that the 0.5% and 1% amounts of Chlorella sp. component did not significantly affect (p≥0.05) the Puto’s taste and overall acceptability. However, the 2% level of Chlorella sp. significantly decreased both overall acceptability and taste attributes. Moreover, Chlorella sp. powder constituted 4004.79±119.1 µg g-1 chlorophyll a and 1442.67±74.41 µg g-1 total carotenoids. Chlorophyll a amounts in experimental groups varied from 14.34±0.49 µg g-1 to 54.06±1.71 µg g-1 while total carotenoids amounts were found ranging from 5.59±0.37 µg g-1 and 18.06±0.66 µg g-1. Puto used these biomasses at a concentration of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% as natural green colorants. However, chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigments level at 2% Chlorella sp. were not tolerable for the production of Puto. Hence, the Chlorella sp. biomass at 0.5% and 1% would be suitable for use as a natural colorant in the Filipino delicacy Puto.
Chitosan Decelerates Melanosis in Shrimp: A Novel Technique for Visual Quality Assessment Using Digital Image Analysis
(2023.01.01) Kadak, A.E.
The study aimed to determine the effects of chitosan, sodium metabisulfite, and citric acid against melanosis, which causes significant economic losses during the storage of shrimps. For this purpose, two different types of chitosan were extracted from tiger prawn shell wastes. The extracted chitosan was characterized by viscosity, FT-IR, XRD, SEM imaging, and color analyses. Prevention of melanosis formation was investigated by testing chitosan, sodium metabisulfite, and citric acid. To achieve this, fresh deep-water pink shrimp samples immersed in different solutions were stored for 12 days at 4 degrees C. Melanosis formation in the samples was observed via color measurement, sensory evaluation, and image analysis. According to the results of the research, the deacetylation degrees of chitosans were found to be 99.50 and 89.51% and 76.31 and 78.24% by two different methods, respectively. Viscosities were measured as 0.34 and 4.17 cSt, respectively. Regarding the color parameters, the L* values were 83.68 and 78.94, a* values were 0.55 and 2.71, and b* values were 10.33 and 13.85, respectively. According to the sensory evaluation conducted throughout the study, melanosis formation was observed in all groups starting from the 6th day. On the 8th day, the control groups exceeded the acceptability threshold, and on the 12th day, melanosis formation spread throughout the body in all groups. The sensory evaluation results were supported by the color measurement and image analysis implemented for the first time in this study. The present study's results showed that chitosan obtained from shellfish wastes decelerates melanosis formation as an alternative to commercially used chemicals.
Investigation of Reactive Red 198 Dye Removal by Chitosan from Aqueous Solution
(2023.01.01) Carbas, H.Ö.; Kadak, A.E.; Küçükgülmez, A.; Gülnaz, O.; Çelik, M.
This study used chitosan, a biopolymer with high adsorption capacity obtained from shrimp shells, to remove Reactive Red 198 dye from water. The effects of pH, temperature, dye concentration, and particle size on adsorption were investigated. The optimum pH level for the adsorption was determined as 5. The effect of the temperature was found to be adverse, and it was observed that the adsorption capacity of chitosan decreases as the temperature increases. Considering the effect of the initial dye concentration, the adsorption values of under-size chitosan (passed through a 150-mesh sieve) and over-size chitosan (retained on a 150-mesh sieve) at 200 mg/L dye concentration were 197.38 and 196.22 mg/g, respectively. At 100 mg/L dye concentration, these values were 97.41 and 96.10 mg/g, respectively. Adhesion of the Reactive Red 198 was easier because the adsorption surface area expanded with the reduction of the particle size of the chitosan. According to the results of the study, it was seen that the isotherm model of adsorption is a suitable monolayer for the Langmuir isotherm model. Langmuir isotherm's maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) was calculated as 500 mg/g. The kinetic model was in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The FTIR spectra of the chitosan before and after adsorption showed that the adsorption is indeed chemical. Furthermore, SEM results demonstrated that the adsorption was more efficient due to the fibrous and porous structure of the chitosan.