Browsing by Author "Enez K."

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A new design of electronic control unit involving microcontroller to determine important parameters for target species in forest
(2018-10-01) Özcan G.E.; Çіçek O.; Enez K.; Yildiz M.
Forests, a valuable source provided by nature to living beings, are indispensable for many living organisms; hence, it is important to ensure the sustainability of forests. Determining the factors that exposure threats to the forests, executing protective methods against them and putting these methods into practise are important for the ecological cycle. Bark beetles, which have destructive effects on the ecosystem, are one of the factors that expose a threat to forests. Therefore, monitoring of these species and determination of effective control strategies are increasingly gaining importance in forestry. Conventional pheromone traps, which are being currently used, provide limited information on flight times of target species. Therefore, the technological development of the capture systems of these traps will determine future control trends. Hence, pheromone traps with electronic control unit were prepared in earlier (ѵ1) and new designed (ѵ2) versions. In ѵ2, 97.5% of target species were counted, and instant temperature, humidity and time parameters at the time of capture were recorded at a practiced field work for the system. In addition to the instant parameters recorded in ѵ2, an anemometer used for measuring wind speed, which is considered to have influence on the behaviour of target species, was incorporated into the system. In the trials, the counting success rates under daylight and darkness conditions for Ips sexdentatus adults were 98.1 and 97%, whereas the counting success rates for Pityocteines curvidens adults, which are smaller in size, were 96 and 99%, respectively. In conclusion, data obtained by recording the amount of target species along with the capture moment and parameters related to this will be very useful and provide determinative in the management of target species.
An evaluation of the occupational accidents among logging workers within the boundaries of trabzon forestry directorate, Turkey
(2014-01-01) Enez K.; Topbas M.; Acar H.H.
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of occupational accidents among logging workers and the risk factors involved. Data for 378 out of 2994 members of 24 cooperatives engaged in logging in the study area were gathered using face-to-face questionnaires and anthropometric data via the free measurement method. The annual logging accident frequency rate was 30.4%, and the annual incidence of occupational accidents was 2052.9. The accident risk among workers using hookaroons was 2.14 times greater than the risk among those not using them. Five to six rest breaks a day increased the accident frequency rate by 0.37 times. The foot width, which was one of the variables among the measured anthropometric data, was observed to increase the accident risk 0.68 times. The likelihood of an employee suffering from an accident during the working year correlated with the handling of chainsaws, the use of hookaroons, smoking, the number of breaks taken while working, experience, shoulder and knee height, leg and arm length and hand and foot width. Relevance to industry: Even though Turkey is one of the countries in which occupational accidents are frequent, studies or records concerning occupational accidents involving logging workers are currently lacking in Turkey. In this study, the occupational accidents in the forest-wood industry were analyzed, and the methodology for obtaining the data in this industry was described. The results emphasize the magnitude of occupational accidents in forestry in Turkey. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Analysis of tree damage caused by rockfall at forest road construction works
(2009-12-01) Gumus S.; Aricak B.; Enez K.; Hulusi Acar H.
Forest roads provide access for people to study, enjoy or contemplate natural ecosystems. Therefore, roads are one of the most important tools needed in forestry. Forest roads are built by excavation of soil and rock. Rockfall occurs during construction works, caused by excavated rock pieces on embankment slopes and by blasting of block rock masses. This study analyzes rockfall damage to trees during forest road construction. Injuries, branches brokenness, trunk wounds and collapse were defined as tree damages because of rockfall during road construction. These damages have been analyzed by site measurements and statistical analysis. In the study area it has been determined that 90.48% of damaged trees are in the first 10 m after the beginning of the embankment slope, and the rest of the trees are positioned between 11 m and 23 m away from the beginning of the embankment slope. The average injury area of the damaged trees was calculated as 1,081 cm2 for the first 10 mfrom the embankment slope, and an injury area of 1,463 cm2 was calculated for between 11 m and 23 m on the embankment slope. This is a very important result in terms of forest protection. Wooden obstruction or synthetic holders should be used as preventative measures in the first 10 m of the embankment slope of the road to block rockfall or slow it down.
APPLICATION OF DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS IN MODELING THE CAPTURE OF Ips sexdentatus IN PHEROMONE TRAP
(2022-01-01) Özcan G.E.; Karacı A.; Enez K.
In this study, the results were obtained for the first time during the flight period of the target species Ips sexdentatus, which has the potential to pose a threat to the forests of the region and to be caught in the natural environment by a pheromone trap with electronic control unit (ECU). This study carried out an open area covered by Crimean pine forests in the Daday region of the Kastamonu Forest Regional Directorate in Turkey. The caught status of Ips sexdentatus has been classified and the number of caught has been predicted by the deep neural networks (DNN) modeling methods. DNN models were developed using the Python language Keras Library to classify the status of the target species adults and to predict how many adults will be captured. It is aimed to develop an innovative approach by creating DNN models depending on the capture times of the target species and the temperature, humidity, wind speed and precipitation variables at these times. The DNN-1 model classifies the caught status of the species with high precision. The DNN-2 models verify the classification result of the DNN-1 model. The DNN-3 model estimates the number of captures of the target species. This study is the first modeling research for target species using DNN at local and country levels. DNNs are known to have high predictive potential in applied ecological research such as bark beetle outbreaks. Estimating and monitoring the population of the pest depending on variables will provide an ecological-based forecast for the development of control strategies.
Article; biodiversity and ecosystems a new approach to determine the capture conditions of bark beetles in pheromone-baited traps
(2014-01-01) Ozcan G.; Cicek O.; Enez K.; Yildiz M.
Forests form an organic unity with a great number of organic and inorganic components and tend to maintain the sustainability of their existing balance. However, some factors which adversely affect the balance of nature may interrupt this sustainability. The epidemic which is formed by bark beetles in their spreading region, due to various factors, changes the stability so much that interference is required. One of the most common methods used to monitor these beetles is pheromone-baited traps. The recognition of parameters, such as date (day/month/year), temperature and humidity, when bark beetles are captured in pheromone-baited traps, especially those used for monitoring will help to increase the trap efficiency on land and to develop an effective strategy for combating pests. In this study, an electronic control unit was added to pheromone-baited traps in order to obtain all of the above mentioned parameters. This unit operates with microcontrollers and data related to the parameters is saved in a storage unit. This is triggered by the beetle at the moment it is captured in the trap. A photovoltaic system was used to meet the energy needed for the system functioning and to complete the counting process in due time.
Comparative study of the analytical hierarchy process, frequency ratio, and logistic regression models for predicting the susceptibility to Ips sexdentatus in Crimean pine forests
(2022-11-01) Sivrikaya F.; Özcan G.E.; Enez K.; Sakici O.E.
The six-toothed bark beetle Ips sexdentatus is one of the most important pests of coniferous trees that can cause extensive tree mortality, and change the structure and composition of forest ecosystems. Many abiotic and biotic factors affect the infestation of bark beetles. Early detection of forest stands predisposed to bark beetle infestations will benefit from reducing the impacts of possible infestations. The study focused on the production and comparison of Ips sexdentatus susceptibility maps using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), frequency ratio (FR), and logistical regression (LR) models. The research was carried out in the Crimean pine forests of the Taşköprü Forest Enterprise in Kastamonu City in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye. The eight main criteria used to produce the map were the stand structure, site index, crown closure, stand age, slope, elevation, maximum temperature, and solar radiation. The map of the infested stands was used for the models' validation. Crown closure was determined as the one of the most important factors in all three models. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) were used to determine the accuracy of the maps. The validation results showed that the AUC for the FR model was 0.747, for the AHP model was 0.716, and for the LR model was 0.638. The results revealed that the FR model was more accurate than the other models in producing an I. sexdentatus susceptibility map. Besides, the AHP model was also reasonably accurate. This study could help decision makers to produce bark beetle susceptibility maps easily and rapidly so they can take the necessary precautions to slow or prevent infestations.
Comparison of ergonomic risk assessment outputs from OWAS and REBA in forestry timber harvesting
(2019-03-01) Enez K.; Nalbantoğlu S.S.
Globally, work-related (musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most important health problems encountered by ergonomists. Forest work, especially logging harvesting, is traditionally recognized as one of the most difficult types of physical work and has distinct characteristics. Harvesting works in forestry are composed of the following work stages: logging, skidding, and loading. This study aimed to examine risk factors of MSDs associated with different work postures during harvesting under variable external conditions by comparing work stages using the Ovako Working posture Assessment System (OWAS) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). A statistically significant difference was observed between the two methods. While the difference in risk to the musculoskeletal system was statistically significant in different work stages using REBA, logging and skidding were assigned to the same risk level using OWAS. Easy-to-use ergonomic hand tools should be developed that are suitable for working conditions and help reduce MSD risk in forestry workers.
Determination of pumper truck intervention ratios in zones with high fire potential by using geographical information system
(2014-01-01) Aricak B.; Kucuk O.; Enez K.
Fighting forest fires not only depends on the forest type, topography, and weather conditions, but is also closely related to the technical properties of fire-fighting equipment. Firefighting is an important part of fire management planning. However, because of the complex nature of forests, creating thematic layers to generate potential fire risk maps is difficult. The use of remote sensing data has become an efficient method for the discrete classification of potential fire risks. The study was located in the Central District of the Kastamonu Regional Forest Directorate, covering an area of 24,320 ha, 15,685 ha of which is forested. On the basis of stand age, crown closure, and tree species, the sizes and distributions of potential fire risk zones within the study area were determined using high-resolution GeoEye satellite imagery and geographical information system data. The status of pumper truck intervention in zones with high fire risk and the sufficiency of existing forest roads within an existing forest network were discussed based on combustible matter characteristics. Pumper truck intervention was 83% for high-risk zones, 79% for medium-risk zones, and 78% for low-risk zones. A pumper truck intervention area map along existing roads was also created. © 2014 The Authors.
Determination of some factors leading to the infestation of Ips sexdentatus in crimean pine stands
(2022-09-01) Özcan G.E.; Sivrikaya F.; Sakici O.E.; Enez K.
Large infestations of bark beetles result in the death of many trees in large forest areas. Ecological-based modeling approaches that include the factors causing infestations are important for accurately predicting whether these infestations will occur, suggesting ways to avoid large infestations, and understanding sustainable forest management. In the present study, the effects of some stand characteristics and topographical and climatological factors on the of Ips sexdentatus infestation at pure and mixed Crimean pine stands were evaluated. Ten factors were considered as important for predicting the predisposition of a pine forest to infestation: stand structure, site index, crown closure, stand age, aspect, slope, elevation, maximum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation. Ten conditioning layers were overlayed separately with a beetle infestation map using geographic information system (GIS) to investigate how the beetle damage changed according to these factors and how much damage it caused. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine how combinations of the 10 factors affected beetle infestations and which of the factors were most damaging. It was found that the stand structure, crown closure, site index, stand age, slope, elevation, maximum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were definite factors in I. sexdentatus infestation; the aspect was not found to be a strong factor. The crown closure was the most significant factor affecting I. sexdentatus infestation followed by maximum temperature, elevation, slope, precipitation, solar radiation, stand age, site index, and stand structure. The crown closure, stand structure, maximum temperature, solar radiation, and forest stand area variables were significantly included in the logistic regression model.
Determination of the perceptions of secondary education students towards environment and nature
(2015-01-01) Ozturk S.; Enez K.
This study aimed to determine the perceptions of students aged between 13 and 18 years regarding the environment and nature, and was conducted within the scope of a project entitled 'Environment and Nature Education through a Social Support Approach'. The project was conducted in Kastamonu, Kastamonu Province, Turkey, with 40 students who reside in Kastamonu Social Service and Child Protection Agency. The participants in this study were investigated using face-to-face interviews to determine their changes of perceptions towards the environment and nature. According to the results of survey, the information provided during the education program was successful in raising awareness in the participants of the ongoing global issues of the environment and nature. Nature courses provided in formal education at school are inadequate and do not make progress in anyway or help students choose professions in the future that are related to the environment and nature.
Determining a fire potential map based on stand age, stand closure and tree species, using satellite imagery (Kastamonu Central Forest directorate sample)
(2014-01-01) Aricak B.; Kucuk O.; Enez K.
Becoming successful in fighting forest fires is not only a matter of taking the required measures into consideration and efficiently and economically using the resources, but also employing the cutting edge science and technology in every aspect of the process. Determining the potential fire prone regions within forest stands, plays an important role in the success rate of forest fire prevention and firefighting. Various techniques are used in the determination of fire potential; especially high resolution satellite imagery can provide very sensitive and detailed information regarding the conditions of regional topography and fuel material (fuel) accumulation. Fuel material models have long been effectively used in fire management, fire behavioral estimates and determination of fire danger risks. Additionally, fuel material maps, prepared based on fuel material features, can help in the determination of fire potential. Fire potential maps include fuel material types and their distribution in the field. In this particular study, an October, 2011 dated »GeoEye« image, encompassing 24 320 ha of Kastamonu Central Forest Directorate area, 15 685 ha of which is forested, was used. The image was classified based on fuel material features, such as tree species, mixture, crown closure, age classes, etc. Acreages and distributions of the potential fire prone areas were determined, and where these areas were concentrated, possible fire suppressing precautionary methods were discussed. As long as the satellite image acquisition is periodically supplied, fire potential map can be updated depending on fuel material features.
Effects of harvesting activities on litter decomposition rates of scots pine, trojan fir, and sweet chestnut
(2015-01-01) Enez K.; Aricak B.; Sariyildiz T.
This study aims to investigate the possible effects of harvesting activities on litter decomposition in micro ecologic areas belonging to 3 different species (Trojan fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. Equi-trojani (Aschers & Sint. ex. Boiss) Coode & Cullen), scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller)). To this end, litter decomposition experiments were carried out on these three species. The litter decomposition specimens were placed on their own stands where there were harvesting activities in previous years and in neighboring stands where there were no harvesting activities for control purposes. Theses micro ecologic areas are nonharvesting activity areas (control) (C), intra-forest skidding roads (Skidding road) (SR), under logging residues (Logging residue) (LR) and areas with a 20% slope and top-soil damaged during harvesting activities and scalped mineral soil (SMS). The decomposition processes were observed for 18 months, mass change values were calculated every six months and their mass loss and decomposition values were calculated. At the end of eighteen months, it was seen that the effects of intra-forest activities on litter decomposition showed differences among micro ecologic areas. According to the study results, forest harvesting activities (C, SR, LR and SMS) affect litter decomposition in various micro ecologic areas that occur in the remaining stand in great extent. As well as this, it is seen that the effect of forest harvesting activities on the litter decomposition is not in the same direction for every species. This study revealed that on micro ecologic areas decomposition sorting in ascending order was LR > C > SMS > SR for scots pine needles, LR = SR > C > SMS for Trojan fir needles, and C > SR > LR > SMS for sweet chestnut leaves. It has been concluded that forest harvesting activities influenced litter decomposition rates significantly.
EFFECTS OF LOGGING RESIDUES AND SKID ROADS ON LITTER DECOMPOSITION RATE AND NUTRIENT RELEASE OF BLACK PINE (Pinus nigra Arnold) AND SCOTS PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.)
(2022-01-01) Enez K.; Savaci G.; Sariyildiz T.
Needle litter decomposition rate and nutrient releases of pure stands of black pine and Scots pine under the three different micro-ecologic sites (skidding road, the logging residues and mineral topsoil) and the control site (non-harvesting site) were studied. The needle litters of Black pine and Scots pine were initially analysed for total carbon and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg, Mn, and Fe). The litter decomposition experiment using the litterbags method was carried out in the field for 18 months. The Scots pine needle litters decayed faster than the black pine litters. Both the Scots pine and Black pine needle litters showed higher mean mass losses under the mineral topsoil and the logging residues than under the skid road and the control site.
Evaluation of strategic management using SWOT-FAHP approaches in forest roads management
(2022-01-01) Can H.; Enez K.; Buğday E.
The most significant steps in the management of forests is to identify the management strategies of existing forest roads, which are basic infrastructure facilities. In the present study, managerial strategies were put forward by evaluating the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of forest road management. To create a strategy in forest road management, sub-factors were identified for the SWOT analysis and five strategy criteria were developed by using expert opinions obtained through questionnaires. As SWOT analysis is a qualitative analysis and decision-making method, the strategy criteria were then modelled using the Buckley and Chang approaches, both of which are widely used in the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), to quantify the factors used to reach an analytical result in determining the effects and significance levels of the factors. A total of five strategy criteria along with 22 sub-factors that were prepared for SWOT analysis were modelled by making 170 pairwise comparisons and quantifying them with FAHP. The most significant factor identified, which was among the opportunity factors according to both approaches, was ‘Assisting in controlling forest fires’. According to the Buckley and Chang approaches, it was identified that the strategy that had the highest significance was ‘Protecting forest/forest resources, and improving physical infrastructure’. It was found that the sub-factor group that had the highest degree of significance was ‘weaknesses’, while the lowest sub-factor group was the ‘opportunity’ factor. The study concluded that modelling qualitative analyses in the decision-making process after quantification results in more rational solutions because it allows a comparison of the factors.
Investigation of some factors affecting habitat selection and nest size of Formica rufa
(2023-10-01) Yilmaz M.; Özcan G.E.; Sivrikaya F.; Enez K.
Investigation of some factors affecting habitat selection and nest size of Formica rufa
(2023-10-01) Yilmaz M.; Özcan G.E.; Sivrikaya F.; Enez K.