Browsing by Author "Cetin M."

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A change in the amount of CO2 at the center of the examination halls: Case study of Turkey
(2016-04-01) Cetin M.; Cetin, M
The performances of candidates during the exam period depend on several factors, such as the temperature in exam halls. The indoor amount of CO2 is over 1000 ppm, which in turn, could directly affect the performances of the candidates directly via headache, dizziness, fatigue, and a loss of concentration. In this study, changes in the indoor amount of CO2 in some central exam were examined, and certain evaluations were made. The findings of the present study indicate that the threshold value is usually exceeded within 10 minutes, following the start of exams, and when indoor CO2 amounts are higher than 1500 ppm, which is considered in most exams as the limit of harm to health, and circulating air in the hallways and keeping the doors of exam halls open throughout the exam period are not adequate for keeping the indoor CO2 amounts below 1000 ppm. Air circulation is a must in exam halls to ensure healthy exam environments.
A change in the amount of CO2 at the center of the examination halls: Case study of Turkey
(2016-04-01) Cetin M.
The performances of candidates during the exam period depend on several factors, such as the temperature in exam halls. The indoor amount of CO2 is over 1000 ppm, which in turn, could directly affect the performances of the candidates directly via headache, dizziness, fatigue, and a loss of concentration. In this study, changes in the indoor amount of CO2 in some central exam were examined, and certain evaluations were made. The findings of the present study indicate that the threshold value is usually exceeded within 10 minutes, following the start of exams, and when indoor CO2 amounts are higher than 1500 ppm, which is considered in most exams as the limit of harm to health, and circulating air in the hallways and keeping the doors of exam halls open throughout the exam period are not adequate for keeping the indoor CO2 amounts below 1000 ppm. Air circulation is a must in exam halls to ensure healthy exam environments.
A study on the determination of the natural park’s sustainable tourism potential
(2018-03-01) Cetin M.; Zeren I.; Sevik H.; Cakir C.; Akpinar H.
The surface site of Yesilyuva Nature Park encompasses natural, social, economic, and cultural characteristics and has become a marker of the region’s natural and cultural heritage. To support the preservation of this site, promotional activities should be planned. In this study, because of tourism and related opinions of residents and visitors alike in terms of their natural determination, an important cultural and historical feature is aimed at evaluating the tourism potential of Yesilyuva Nature Park. This framework is designed to establish prospective tourism sustainability. As a result, Yesilyuva Nature Park’s natural and cultural properties have been determined to be suitable for sustainable tourism activities using geographic information systems (GIS). This protection in the field, which balances sustainability and landscape design, will provide for the development of tourism activities. In the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis and survey, residents and visitors reported that the most important feature of the Yesilyuva Nature Park was its natural beauty. Visitors often come to observe traditional and natural life and to engage in tourism activities. All the data, which includes maps derived from GIS, represents landscape planning for sustainable tourism areas in Yesilyuva Nature Park.
Altitudinal Migration of Species of Fir (Abies spp.) in Adaptation to Climate Change
(2022-09-01) Tekin O.; Cetin M.; Varol T.; Ozel H.B.; Sevik H.; Zeren Cetin I.
Global climate change is considered an irreversible problem, which might directly or indirectly affect all the organisms and ecosystems on the earth and the world has to struggle with. Plants having no effective movement mechanism are the group that global climate change will affect the most. In order to minimize the species and population losses, it is important to estimate the changes in the available distribution areas of species and to ensure the migration mechanism, which the species will need, by the hand of humans. The present study aims to reveal how potential distribution areas of fir, which is among the significant tree species of Turkey and significant portion of global distribution of which is in Turkey, will change from an altitudinal aspect because of the climate change. The results achieved showed that, because of the effects of global climate change, the suitable distribution areas of Abies nordmanniana subsp. nordmanniana will significantly decrease especially at high altitudes and that suitable distribution areas of Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani will reduce at altitudes higher than 1400 m but increase generally at the altitudes between 200 and 600 m. Moreover, suitable distribution areas of Abies cilicica will shift towards higher altitudes.
Analyzing of usability of tree-rings as biomonitors for monitoring heavy metal accumulation in the atmosphere in urban area: a case study of cedar tree (Cedrus sp.)
(2020-01-01) Sevik H.; Cetin M.; Ozel H.B.; Akarsu H.; Zeren Cetin I.
It is important to monitor the heavy metal pollution in order to identify risk zones and to determine the change in the heavy metal concentration of the atmosphere within the process. For this, it is necessary to carry out measurements for many years; however, this is not possible. Especially from past to present, one of the most effective methods to determine the changes of heavy metal concentrations in the atmosphere is to use the annual tree rings as biomonitors. Perennial plants growing in our country create annual rings, and it is possible to gain information regarding the changes of heavy metal concentrations in that region by determining the heavy metal concentrations in these rings. In this study, it was aimed to determine the annual changes of Pb, Co, and Fe elements’ concentrations in these sections by determining the annual rings on the logs taken from the main stem of the cedar tree (Cedrus sp.), which was cut by the end of 2016, in December, 2016, in Kastamonu province. Within the scope of the study, the element concentrations were also determined in the inner and outer bark. As a result of the study, it was found that the heavy metal values in the organelles taken from the road-facing part, especially the heavy metal concentrations in the outer bark were higher than the metal concentrations in the inward-facing part, and that the concentrations changed significantly on organelle and year basis.
Application of artificial neural networks to predict the heavy metal contamination in the Bartin River
(2020-12-01) Ucun Ozel H.; Gemici B.T.; Gemici E.; Ozel H.B.; Cetin M.; Sevik H.
In this study, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) analyses were performed, and the results were modelled by artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Samples were taken from 3 stations selected on the Bartin River for 1 year between December 2012 and December 2013. Radial basis neural network (RBANN), multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks models, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were applied to the data in order to predict the heavy metal concentrations. As a result of the study, the RMSE and MAE values of all the heavy metal models were found to have very low error values during the test phase, and it was found that the models created using MLP had R2 values higher than 0.77 during the test phase; the test phase R2 values of the models using RBN method were found to be ranging between 0.773 and 0.989, and the test phase R2 value of the ANFIS model was higher than 0.80. If sorted from the best model to the worst by taking the MAE and RMSE values into consideration based on the test evaluation results, according to the heavy metal types, where all of the MLP, RBN, and ANFIS models were generally approximate to each other, RBN was successful for Cu, Zn, and Mn, while MLP model was successful for Ni and ANFIS model for Fe and Pb. According to the results, it can be inferred that the heavy metal contents can be estimated approximately with artificial intelligence models and relatively easy-to-measure parameters; it will be possible to detect heavy metals which are harmful to the viability of the rivers, both quickly and economically.
Assessing the effects of wind farms on soil organic carbon
(2021-04-01) Pekkan O.I.; Senyel Kurkcuoglu M.A.; Cabuk S.N.; Aksoy T.; Yilmazel B.; Kucukpehlivan T.; Dabanli A.; Cabuk A.; Cetin M.
Wind energy is considered one of the cleanest and most sustainable resources among renewable energy sources. However, several negative environmental impacts can be observed, unless suitable sites are selected for the establishment of wind farms. The aim of this study is to determine the change in the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock resulting from land cover changes that were caused by wind farm establishments in the Karaburun peninsula. Within the scope of the study, remote sensing and geographic information system technologies were utilized. Maximum likelihood algorithm, one of the supervised classification techniques, was used to classify the land cover, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analyses were performed to determine land cover changes. The findings were correlated with the “Turkey Soil Organic Carbon Project” data. As a result, depending on the establishment of wind farms in the Karaburun Peninsula, a total decrease of 18,330.57 tons of SOC in the study area between 2000 and 2019 was determined. It should be taken into consideration that besides many other negative effects (effects on human health, effects on the ecosystem, effects on animals, etc.), land cover changes caused by wind farms may indirectly cause important problems such as climate change. Recently, this situation shows that there is an important dilemma in terms of current implementations. Wind farms are the most invested renewable energy sources and alternative energy supply to fossil fuels in terms of preventing climate change. However, the results of this study have reviewed that lack of proper approaches and methods to establish wind farms may result in various problems such as physical, chemical, and biological degradations and an increase in the amount of atmospheric carbon. Consequently, the investments in renewable energy sources should be comprehensively reevaluated in terms of current technologies, quality in the scope of environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment processes, legal regulations and national policies, long-term environmental costs, etc.
Assessment of the Ecological Footprint of Eskisehir Technical University–Iki Eylul Campus
(2021-10-01) Cetin M.; Agacsapan B.; Cabuk S.N.; Senyel Kurkcuoglu M.A.; Isik Pekkan O.; Baran Argun E.; Dabanlı A.; Kucukpehlivan T.; Yilmazel B.; Cabuk A.
Sustainable development is a concept that has started gaining importance in recent years. It helps reduce the environmental impacts of cities with dense human populations. On a smaller scale, social spaces, localities and institutions can be—in many ways—accurately representative of the cities they’re in. In other words, a place like a university campus can be considered a small city. Based on this point, this study was conducted to calculate the ecological footprint (EF) of Eskisehir Technical University (ESTU) campus and to determine the effects of the campus on the environment. The EF of the previous, current and future land use types within Iki Eylul Campus of ESTU was calculated using GIS software. The results showed that the major land use and land cover types in the study area were pasture, agricultural land and natural plant patterns in 1990, and most of them were converted into built areas—including the campus building. The change in EF due to this land use and land cover change was determined to be approximately 148,85 gha. However, when the land use and the campus user data for 2018 were included into the process, the EF of the study area was found to be 251,251.3 gha. Regarding the new structures and increase in the number of users in accordance with the campus development plan, it was determined that the EF of the campus area—barring any preventive actions—would reach 541,898.8 gha in the future. The current EF was calculated based on the artificial surfaces, energy consumption, transportation, waste production information; and determined that the highest EF value related to the electricity consumption. The total EF value of the campus in 2018 was 1148.2 gha.
Base alteration of some heavy metal concentrations on local and seasonal in Bartin River
(2019-09-01) Ucun Ozel H.; Ozel H.; Cetin M.; Sevik H.; Gemici B.; Varol T.
Fresh water resources have always been an extremely invaluable economic and strategic resource in the world. There are about 1.4 billion people who have no access to pure water resources mainly due to the discharge of 95% of unpurified wastewater and 70% of industrial wastes into water resources in underdeveloped and developing countries. More than half of the world’s rivers are contaminated. Eighty percent of diseases are caused by contaminated waters in developing countries. Among the pollutants in these streams, heavy metals are of particular significance, as heavy metals do not dissolve and degenerate easily in nature. They also tend to bio-accumulate. This is why determining heavy metal concentrations is of great importance because it can help detect risk zones and risk levels. This study aims to determine the alteration of some heavy metal concentrations during a year in Bartin River on a point and seasonal base. Within the scope of the study, samples were collected from 5 chosen locations on Bartin River during a year and the alteration of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Pb concentration amounts were determined monthly. As a result of the study, it was determined that there were various rates of contamination with heavy metals at all stations, and that the amount of all studied heavy metal concentrations decreased depending on seasonal alteration when precipitation and hence the flow rates were high, and the highest concentrations were calculated in samples that were collected from L3 and L5 stations. Results shows that some of the toxic metals’ accumulations are higher than the suggestion of value, which recommended that the Bartin River is to some extent a toxic metal polluted river and that animals are not totally safe. Since this study constitutes a sample, all international samples should be controlled especially in the Organized Industrial Zone and foundation areas and the wastewater entering the river should be controlled and the pollution source should be determined and precautions should be taken. According to the results of the study, it also shows the water quality of the rivers in general. Pollution levels of rivers should be taken into account in the use of river water and care should be taken to use river water directly or indirectly in agricultural activities that may cause harm to human health. The results of this study can be a guide for identifying suitable areas to use the water of rivers. In future river planning, these studies will have an important guide value.
Ca, Cu, and Li in washed and unwashed specimens of needles, bark, and branches of the blue spruce (Picea pungens) in the city of Ankara
(2020-06-01) Cetin M.; Sevik H.; Cobanoglu O.
The use of certain types of plants to determine the accumulation of HMs (heavy metals) has yielded quite consistent results in the research fields. Many researches have focused on particular types of HMs due to their common presence in the air (Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr to name a few). However, it is equally as important to shed light on other types of HMs and the scale of their existence in our atmosphere, hence this paper. Blue spruce (Picea pungens) tree organs were used in an experiment to calculate the recent concentration of HMs. The research concentrates on Ca, Cu, and Li elements in the washed and unwashed needles, branches, and barks, and these organs were evaluated depending on the organ age. The study results showed that the concentration of the elements subjected to the research changed depending on the organ, washing status and organ age, and that the lowest concentrations of Ca and Cu elements were obtained in the barks in general. In relation to the organ age, it was found that there was an increase in the concentration of Ca with age, and that the concentration of Li element was inversely proportional to age.
Calculation of comfortable thermal conditions for Mersin urban city planning in Turkey
(2021-04-01) Gungor S.; Cetin M.; Adiguzel F.
Computer models that evaluate the formulas of these indices together with environmental factors and human characteristics have been created. Physiological equivalent temperature index and classification summer calculation model used for bioclimatic comfort calculations by obtaining monthly data of General Directorate of State Metrology Stations between 1972 and 2018 in Mersin city center. The results, comfortable monthly intervals, were determined and necessary suggestions were made for the people of Mersin city center in a month. In the calculations, the meteorological parameters such as surface-and-air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity were taken into consideration. Monthly results show the bioclimatically comfortable area in September and May. There are conditions in Mersin that lead to comfortable perceptions in summer. During the cold period, different levels appear and warm and comfortable thermal conditions are observed. GIS analysis was used to determine the development of thermal perceptions over time. It was calculated between 1972 and 2018. According to these coefficients, there is a tendency to increase in PET values in the regions close to the water in Mersin and to decrease in Mersin, which is the station in rural areas, as a city station.
Change of air quality in kastamonu city in terms of particulate matter and CO2 amount
(2016-01-01) Cetin M.; Sevik H.
Today, the human population of cities has reached its highest level and as a result, air quality in cities has started to have a significant effect on human health. Air pollution exceeds danger limits in terms of human health especially in many cities where unplanned urbanisation takes place and either threatens human health or decreases life quality. The parks inside the city are very important for the healthy development of cities. These areas have many different functions for cities such as recreation, ecology and land organisation. One of these functions is their effect on the air quality of the city. In this study, the particulate matter (0.3, 0.5 and 5 µm dimensions) and carbon dioxide (CO2) amounts were measured and evaluated in Kastamonu city. Measurement results obtained from 7 regions in the Kastamonu city with different properties were evaluated and comparisons were made in terms of air quality.
Changes in heavy metal accumulation depending on traffic density in some landscape plants
(2018-01-01) Turkyilmaz A.; Sevik H.; Cetin M.; Ahmaida Saleh E.A.
Air pollution is among the major problems stemming from modern urban life. Millions of people worldwide die from air pollution every year. Especially heavy metals have great importance among these pollutants. Because heavy metals can stay in nature for a long time without deterioration, and their concentration in the environment is constantly increasing. They also tend to bioaccumulate. Many heavy metals arise from exhaust gases, car wheels, vehicles, and vehicle corrosion in cities. Determining heavy metal concentrations in plants is important both for determining the ability of plants to remove heavy metals from the air, and thus to be used as a means of increasing air quality, as well as for monitoring air quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the variation of different heavy metal concentrations, depending on the traffic density, in some landscape plants sampled from areas with different levels of traffic density. Our results show that heavy metal accumulation differs according to both plant species and traffic density. In traffic-dense areas we measured the greatest amounts of Cu, Ni, and Fe in Prunus cerasifera; of Ca, Mg, and Mn in Ailanthus altissima; of Cr and Zn in Elaeagnus angustifolia; and of Pb and Cd in Tilia tomentosa.
Changes in heavy metal accumulation in some edible landscape plants depending on traffic density
(2020-02-01) Sevik H.; Cetin M.; Ozel H.B.; Ozel S.; Zeren Cetin I.
Food scarcity is one of global issues that our world faces today. A significant portion of the world’s population has no access to adequate food, and it is stated that approximately 830 million people suffer from chronic famine. This predicament is estimated to grow even further. Many attempts have been made to solve the food problem. Some examples are using new resources which have not been used for dietary purposes up to this point, planting new areas to produce food products, and increasing the potential harvest per an area unit. One of the solution proposals, which has come up recently within this scope, is the term of “edible landscaping”, which means the use of edible plants in the landscaping works, and thus maximizing the potential for food security. However, edible landscaping poses a considerable risk. Heavy metal accumulation in plants grown in urban centers can reach to high levels, and consuming these plants will allow these heavy metals a direct access into the human body and wreak havoc to the public health. But since this subject has not been sufficiently studied yet, the extent of such a risk is not accurately determined yet. This study aims to determine the changes of Ni, Co and Mn concentrations depending on traffic density in the leaves, branches, barks and fruits of cherry, plum, mulberry and apple trees growing in areas with dense traffic, low-density traffic and no-traffic zones in Kastamonu province. The results showed that the concentrations of Ni and Co elements increased in many organelles depending on traffic density, and that the heavy metal concentrations in fruits could be very high. This situation indicates that fruit and vegetables grown in industrial zones and urban centers, where heavy metal pollution may be high, can be harmful to the public health if consumed as crops.
Changes in micromorphological characters of platanus orientalis L. leaves in Turkey
(2019-01-01) Sevik H.; Cetin M.; Ozturk A.; Yigit N.; Karakus O.
In this study, it is aimed to determine the variation of some leaf characters of Platanus orientalis L. depending on the climate type. For this purpose, in a country dominated by three climate types (Terrestrial, Black Sea and Mediterranean), leaves samples of Platanus orientalis trees were collected. Scaled images were obtained with the help of electron microscope (SEM = Scanning Electron Microscope) of collected leaf samples. Thus, with measurements made on these images, stoma length (µm), stoma width (µm), por length (µm), por width and stoma density (1 mm2 area). The obtained data were evaluated as statistic and the change of these characters according to climate type and city was evaluated. In addition, by applying correlation analysis to the data, it was attempted to determine the relations between the subject characters and climate data. As a result of the study, no significant effect of the climate could be detected on the characteristics examined. This situation can be interpreted that morphological characteristics are shaped by many environmental factors and genetic structure besides climate. The authors suggest an increase and diversification in studies on the subject in order to determine how and under which conditions micromorphological characteristics are shaped. For this reason, it can be shown that the subjects of the study are collected from the individuals which were primarily raised for landscaping, and the practices in landscape studies change the micro ecological conditions in a clear way.
Changes in PB, CR and CU concentrations in some bioindicators depending on traffic density on the basis of species and organs
(2019-01-01) Sevik H.; Cetin M.; Ozturk A.; Ozel H.B.; Pinar B.
The growing population and industrialization is causing air pollution. In some cities pollution has reached to a point where it is threatening human lives. Pollution has become one of the biggest issues of today’s world. Pollutants are produced by exhaust gases, car wheels, and vehicles. Heavy metals (HM) are one of the major culprits that cause air pollution. This is due to the fact that HM can exist in the environment for a long time without deterioration, and their concentration in the atmosphere is ever-growing. They also tend to bioaccumulate. Therefore, determining HM concentration levels is crucial in terms of identifying risk zones and levels. Bioindicators are the most important determinants that can indicate the change in the concentration of HM in the atmosphere. This study aims to monitor the changes in Pb, Cr and Cu concentrations in the leaves, seeds and branches of cherry plum (Prunus ceracifera), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Tilia (Tilia tomentosa), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides) species, which can be used for monitoring the traffic-induced HM concentration. We observed that the concentration of all the elements increased according to the traffic density, this is especially visible in the case of Pb and Cr.
Changes in the particulate matter and CO2 concentrations based on the time and weather conditions: The case of Kastamonu
(2017-01-01) Cetin M.; Sevik H.; Isinkaralar K.
Air pollution is one of the biggest problems raised by the modern life. Each year, thousands of people are affected by air pollution, and some even die of air pollution. In the cities, the times and places where air pollution is at its worst create problems for the people with health issues, affecting their quality of life. Therefore, it would be good for the measures to be taken to carry out air pollution studies on a regional basis and to determine the level of pollution based on certain factors such as traffic density, changes in pollution throughout the day, weather conditions, etc. This study aims to determine the changes in air quality throughout the day depending on the weather conditions and traffic density in various areas of Kastamonu city centre. In line with this purpose, we examined the changes in the particulate matter (in 3 different sizes) and CO2 concentrations of the air based on certain factors. The results show that the quality of air changes to a great extent depending on all the factors studied.
Chronicles and geoheritage of the ancient Roman city of Pompeiopolis: a landscape plan
(2018-12-01) Cetin M.; Onac A.; Sevik H.; Canturk U.; Akpinar H.
Kastamonu-Pompeiopolis is a protected area with historical, natural, and cultural value and has recently increased in popularity. The aim of this study is to ensure the sustainability of natural and cultural resources via an evaluation to reveal the necessary practices and precautions regarding the area’s landscape plan decisions for the ancient city. Maps of Pompeiopolis were created and the Gülez formula (1990) was used to evaluate the city. Based on the data obtained from the area, we have determined that it has a high recreational potential, and hence this study. We find that the untapped recreational potential of Pompeiopolis has yet to be exploited and reached. According to the formula, Pompeiopolis’s recreational potential is 72%, which means it is considered to be an area of high recreational potential. In conclusion, Pompeiopolis has a wealth of ecotourism activities, including historical and cultural tourism, bird watching, wildlife tours, adventure and sports tourism, photography, camping, picnic activities, and cave exploring. However, management and planning is needed for trekking, hiking, and the rest of the activities in order to ensure long-term sustainability.
Climate comfort depending on different altitudes and land use in the urban areas in Kahramanmaras City
(2020-08-01) Cetin M.
Climate comfort based caused by geographical conditions has influenced human activities, living standards, and even settlement forms from the early ages and continuous to so in our time. People have been coming up with various solutions in order to adapt to climatic conditions since the dawn of humanity. Despite the technological advancement that resulted in the manufacturing of climate and thermal control devices and equipment, the periodical change of settlements in certain areas is observed to this day. Kahramanmaras and the surrounding city serve as an example wherein climate comfort changes with time and location. The main objective of this research is to determine hourly climate comfort and the adaptation of people in and around city. Climate data were hourly organized, PET index was established to determine the climate comfort, and these indices were classified according to the psychology diagram equivalent to the temperature. Later, the climate comfort maps obtained spatially were superimposed on the city settlements. It has been determined that throughout the city planning, people moved and developed a different way of life due to the temporal-spatial variation of climate comfort. This movement has gathered pace due to the effect of summer heat waves which is a direct result of urban heat islands and climate change. It is necessary that this situation should be reflected in climate comfort-based planning.
Climate comfort depending on different altitudes and land use in the urban areas in Kahramanmaras City
(2020-08-01) Cetin M.; Cetin, M
Climate comfort based caused by geographical conditions has influenced human activities, living standards, and even settlement forms from the early ages and continuous to so in our time. People have been coming up with various solutions in order to adapt to climatic conditions since the dawn of humanity. Despite the technological advancement that resulted in the manufacturing of climate and thermal control devices and equipment, the periodical change of settlements in certain areas is observed to this day. Kahramanmaras and the surrounding city serve as an example wherein climate comfort changes with time and location. The main objective of this research is to determine hourly climate comfort and the adaptation of people in and around city. Climate data were hourly organized, PET index was established to determine the climate comfort, and these indices were classified according to the psychology diagram equivalent to the temperature. Later, the climate comfort maps obtained spatially were superimposed on the city settlements. It has been determined that throughout the city planning, people moved and developed a different way of life due to the temporal-spatial variation of climate comfort. This movement has gathered pace due to the effect of summer heat waves which is a direct result of urban heat islands and climate change. It is necessary that this situation should be reflected in climate comfort-based planning.