Browsing by Author "Birinci E."

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An innovative approach on the renewable hybrid barrier: Combined use of wood and sand
(2021-01-01) Yumruta H.İ.; Birinci E.; Yörür H.; Atahan A.O.
Background: Wooden materials have been among the basic materials used in many different areas due to some advantages throughout the history. Roadside barriers, which are called passive safety structures, can be produced with different materials such as wood, steel, concrete, and plastic. In this study, Renewable Hybrid Barriers (RHB), a new type of barrier that is used wood in terms of aesthetics, renewability, high shock resistance, and used sand in terms of impact absorption capacity and low cost, produced by taking into account some of the disadvantages of other barrier types. These barriers are planned to be used especially in historical/touristic areas, scenic roads, and in urban areas as urban furniture. Real-time crash tests in accordance with EN 1317 (Road Restraint Systems) standard require high cost and long time. Therefore, the pendulum crash test mechanism frequently used in the literature was manufactured at which the experiments were carried out. Results: The results revealed that the RHBs which has 2 cm thick timber and sand used together, were sufficient and suitable in terms of both cost and necessary safety criteria. It was observed that impregnation and heat treatment applications did not have a considerable negative effect on the performance of RHBs which provide an opportunity to use RHBs for outdoor conditions. Conclusion: In the light of the results of the study, the optimum wood timber thickness was determined as 2 cm regarding TB 31 test criteria. It is proposed that the crash tests for different wood species, timber thickness, and/or barrier dimensions should carry out in future studies. This study can serve as the basis for the next step, real-time real crash tests. Since the study includes an interdisciplinary subject, it is thought that it will inspire different studies.
Determination of technological properties of wood plastic nanocomposites produced by flat press reinforced with nano MgO
(2023-01-01) Birinci E.
In this study, wood plastic nanocomposites (WPNC) reinforced with nano magnesium oxide (MgO) were produced in a flat press using the dry blending method. It is aimed to investigate the technological properties of the produced WPNC panels. To achieve this aim, scots pine wood flour, waste polypropylene (PP), maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) and nano MgO were mixed and combined in eight different formulations by dry blending method. The densities, water absorption and thickness swelling, tensile strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), surface roughness and Shore D hardness properties of the obtained WPNC panels were determined. On the other hand, scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were obtained to determine the morphological properties of WPNCs. Nano MgO and MAPP reinforcement positively affected the technological properties of flat-pressed WPNC panels. It was determined that increasing nano MgO ratio and MAPP reinforcement increased the water resistance of WPNC panels. It has been determined that the use of MAPP and nano MgO significantly improves the mechanical properties of WPNC panels. When the SEM micrographs of WPNC panels were examined, it was observed that large voids were formed especially in WPNC panels that without MAPP and nano MgO, and these voids were largely eliminated with the increase of MAPP reinforcement and nano MgO ratio. Following the technological results obtained within the scope of this study, it is recommended to conduct new studies to investigate the biological resistance of nano MgO reinforced WPNCs due to the known antibacterial, catalytic and photocatalytic properties of nano MgO.
Determination of technological properties of wood plastic nanocomposites produced by flat press reinforced with nano MgO
(2023-01-01) Birinci E.; Birinci, E
In this study, wood plastic nanocomposites (WPNC) reinforced with nano magnesium oxide (MgO) were produced in a flat press using the dry blending method. It is aimed to investigate the technological properties of the produced WPNC panels. To achieve this aim, scots pine wood flour, waste polypropylene (PP), maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) and nano MgO were mixed and combined in eight different formulations by dry blending method. The densities, water absorption and thickness swelling, tensile strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), surface roughness and Shore D hardness properties of the obtained WPNC panels were determined. On the other hand, scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were obtained to determine the morphological properties of WPNCs. Nano MgO and MAPP reinforcement positively affected the technological properties of flat-pressed WPNC panels. It was determined that increasing nano MgO ratio and MAPP reinforcement increased the water resistance of WPNC panels. It has been determined that the use of MAPP and nano MgO significantly improves the mechanical properties of WPNC panels. When the SEM micrographs of WPNC panels were examined, it was observed that large voids were formed especially in WPNC panels that without MAPP and nano MgO, and these voids were largely eliminated with the increase of MAPP reinforcement and nano MgO ratio. Following the technological results obtained within the scope of this study, it is recommended to conduct new studies to investigate the biological resistance of nano MgO reinforced WPNCs due to the known antibacterial, catalytic and photocatalytic properties of nano MgO.
Durability of wood treated with propolis
(2020-02-01) Akcay C.; Birinci E.; Birinci C.; Kolayli S.
Propolis is an important antifungal agent found naturally in beehives and used as a food supplement for many purposes. This study aimed to use methanolic propolis extract (MPE) as a treatment material as an antifungal agent for wood preservation. Scots pine and paulownia woods were exposed to Trametes versicolor and Neolentinus lepideus fungi for 12 weeks, and untreated woods were used as the controls. Compared with the control, paulownia wood exposed to N. lepideus had a 47.2% mean mass loss, while the treated wood with 7% MPE had an 11.6% mean mass loss. In addition, a 27.2% mass loss occurred with the control for Scots pine when exposed to N. lepideus, and a 2.5% mass loss occurred with the 7% propolis-treated specimens. Total phenolic content and the phenolic profile of the raw propolis samples were also analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the propolis extracts still remained in the wood cells without being degraded after the fungal destruction and the propolis-treated specimens were more durable against fungal decay compared to the untreated control specimens. The results from this study indicated that propolis could be used as an environmentally compatible and natural wood preservative to protect wood against fungal attack.
Effect of Freeze–Thaw Cycling on the Screw Direct Withdrawal Resistance of Beech, Ozigo, and Okoume Plywoods
(2023-06-01) Birinci E.; Kaymakci A.
Wood has been used in the construction, furniture, and automotive industries since ancient times. In areas where wood material is used, it is combined with various fasteners. The durability of the products produced using wooden materials depends on the performance of the fasteners. Since wood is a hygroscopic and biodegradable material, various changes occur in its structure when exposed to external weather conditions. Wood materials used especially in the field of construction and urban furniture are exposed to effects such as extreme temperatures, freezing, moisture, or drying depending on the seasons. In this study, the effect of the freeze–thaw cycling (FTC) process on screw direct withdrawal resistance (SDWR) of plywood produced from beech, ozigo, and okoume species was investigated. In this context, the effects of screwing time (before or after), screw orientation (face or edge), the number of cycles (0 to 7) in the FTC process, and plywood type parameters on SDWR were investigated. As a result of the tests, when the mean SDWR values were examined according to the plywood type, the highest values were obtained in beech, ozigo, and okoume plywood, respectively. Considering the screwing time parameter, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean SDWR values in other plywood types except beech plywood (p < 0.05). When the screw orientation parameter was examined, screwing in the face direction gave better results than screwing in the edge direction in all plywood types. There was a decrease in the mean SDWR values that was inversely proportional to the increase in the number of cycles in FTC-treated plywood.
Effect of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Physical, Mechanical, and Crystallinity Index Properties of Scots Pine and Beech Wood
(2022-01-01) Birinci E.; Karamanoglu M.; Kesik H.İ.; Kaymakci A.
Effects of heat treatment parameters on the physical properties, mechanical properties, and crystallinity index of Scots pine and beech wood were investigated. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) sapwood samples were prepared in 2 cm × 2 cm × 36 cm dimensions by considering the physical and mechanical tests. The samples were heat-treated for 2 h and 4 h at 150 °C, 180 °C, and 210 °C in an atmospheric environment. The shrinking and swelling percentages of all samples were calculated. The compressive strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and hardness tests were carried out. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to calculate the crystallinity index values. As a result of the study, it was determined that heat treatment generally had a positive effect on the physical properties of Scots pine and beech samples. It was observed that the bending strength of the wood samples decreased up to 180 °C as the temperature increased and then increased. It was determined that the MOE of the Scots pine and beech wood decreased with the heat treatment. As the heat treatment temperature and time were increased, the crystallinity index values initially increased partially and then decreased.
Effect of Processing Technology, Nanomaterial and Coupling Agent Ratio on Some Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Wood Polymer Nanocomposites
(2023-05-01) Birinci E.; Kaymakci A.
The goal of this study is to find out how some properties of wood–polymer nanocomposites are affected by the processing technology, the nanomaterials, and the ratio of coupling agents. To achieve this objective, the extruded and dry blended samples are made from wood flour with MAPP, ZnO nanoparticles (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%), and polypropylene. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites improve significantly with ZnO and MAPP loading. Due to the more homogeneous structure of nanocomposites, better mechanical results are obtained with the extrusion method. With ZnO and MAPP loading, the thermal stability of nanocomposites improves. The storage and loss modulus values indicate that the processing technology of nanocomposites could be a key factor in the resistance of the materials obtained by extrusion. The storage and loss modulus of nanocomposites manufactured by the extrusion technology are determined to be higher than those of the samples produced using the dry blending method.
Effect of Treatment Temperature on the Initial Performance of Layers of Water-based Paints in Heat-treated Pine and Beech Wood
(2022-01-01) Karamanoğlu M.; Birinci E.; Kesik H.İ.; Kaymakcı A.
Hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength were determined for water-based opaque paints applied to heat-treated wood material surfaces. For this purpose, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) woods were used as experimental material. Specimens were subjected to heat treatment at 3 different temperatures (150, 180, and 210 °C) and 2 different periods (2 and 4 h) under laboratory conditions. Two-component water-based paints with commercial codes D17 and D45 were applied to the surfaces. The hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength values of painted samples were determined according to the applicable standards. The results showed that there were higher values of hardness and surface roughness of water-based paints in short-term heat treatment compared with long-term heat treatment. A general decrease in pine with D17 and D45 paints applied to the surfaces and in beech with D45 in adhesion strength was detected depending on the increasing heat treatment temperature and duration. An increase was observed in beech samples with D17 paint applied.
Effect of wood acetylation with vinyl acetate and acetic anhydride on the properties of wood-plastic composites
(2013-02-01) Özmen N.; Çetin N.; Mengeloǧlu F.; Birinci E.; Karakuş K.
Chemical modifications of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood flour were performed with vinyl acetate (VA) and acetic anhydride (AA) in the presence of potassium carbonate as a catalyst. Scots pine wood flour samples were successfully acetylated with VA (19 wt% gain) and AA (24 wt% gain). The effect of chemical modification of the Scots pine wood flour with AA and VA on the mechanical properties of wood high-density polyethylene composites (WPC) was determined. It was observed that acetylation of wood flour allowed a significant increase in both the mechanical properties and the thermal stability of the WPCs. It was concluded that acetylation of lignocellulosic fibers improves thermal stability, dispersion in the polymer matrix, and compatibility with the polymer matrix.
Effects of factors on direct screw withdrawal resistance in medium density fiberboard and particleboard
(2020-01-01) Yorur H.; Birinci E.; Gunay M.N.; Tor O.
An increase in demand on solid wood that is insufficient supply to meet in the world necessarily directed to other engineering materials that could be an alternative to the solid wood. In this context, instead of using solid wood in furniture and construction industry, wood-based panels such as medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB) have become widely used as construction material. Limited research has been done in the field of fastener performance as mechanical properties with different parameters in the joints constructed with these panels. Therefore, in this study, the parameters of screw type, pilot hole, screw orientation, water treatment and adhesives were investigated in MDF and PB. The results indicated that the highest direct screw withdrawal (DSW) resistance was observed in the test blocks applied with PU and the lowest DSW resistance was in the test blocks without a pilot hole drilled in both materials. In addition, MDF in general had better DSW resistance than PB in almost all combinations of the parameters. The treatment of water into MDF and PB test blocks negatively affects the DSW resistance. The DSW resistance in the face orientation was found to be higher than the corresponding ones in the side orientation in both materials.
Effects of Pilot Hole Diameter and Depth on Screw Driving Torques in Plywood
(2020-01-01) Tor O.; Birinci E.; Hu L.; Chen C.
Factors affecting screw driving torques in plywood were investigated in this work. The factors were number of layers (7 and 9), pilot hole diameter (3.0 and 3.5 mm), pilot hole depth (60 and 80% of the thickness of specimen), and thickness of the metal plate (7.5 and 10 mm). Screw driving torques were studied in oriented strandboard, medium-density fiberboard, particleboard, and some wood-plastic composites. There is no such information about screw driving torques in plywood (PW). Therefore, this study focused on the plywood made of aspen (Populus tremula L.). The mean seating torque (SET) values ranged from 0.31 to 0.69 N∙m, whereas mean stripping torque (STT) values ranged from 0.50 to 4.7 N∙m. The ratios of STT/SET were between 2 and 5 in PW with seven layers, whereas the ratios were between 4 and 7 in PW with nine layers. The results indicated that the four main effects of SET and STT were statistically significant with p-values of ˂ 0.0001.
Evaluation of renewable hybrid barriers in terms of carbon emission with concrete and steel barriers
(2021-05-01) Birinci E.; Yörür H.; Yumrutaş H.İ.; Duyar A.
Roadside barriers called as passive safety systems are presently produced from various materials such as steel, concrete, wood, and plastic. Existing roadside barriers have prioritized safety over aesthetics and environmental concerns. To this end, a new environmental barrier-the renewable hybrid barrier (RHB)-has been designed that can fulfill safety requirements as well as add value in terms of aesthetics. Sand is placed inside the barrier, and the barrier’s outer shell is covered by fir timber. A life cycle analysis was completed to ensure the sustainable production of RHBsand to better understand their environmental impacts. The amount of greenhouse gas emitted into nature during the production of RHB and steel and concrete barriers was calculated and compared. Our results showed that concrete and steel barrier production releases approximately 4.5 times more greenhouse gases than RHB production. The live biomass equivalent of the wood materials used in RHB production was also calculated. We found that RHBs sequestrated 45.94 kg-CO2eq. It is thought that more widespread use of RHBs can contribute positively to the environment and nature.
Evaluation of rhododendron luteum and rhododendron ponticum in pulp and paper production
(2020-09-01) Birinci E.; Tutuş A.; Çiçekler M.
In this study, Rhododendron luteum and Rhododendron ponticum were evaluated as raw material for pulp and paper production. 12 different sodium borohydride (NaBH4) added cooking trials were performed for each sample and kraft method was used for pulp production. Pulp properties, such as yield, kappa number and vis-cosity, and physical properties, such as breaking length and burst index, were determined for each trial. Besides, the effects of active alkali and NaBH4 on the pulp and paper properties were also examined. Optimum cooking conditions were obtained by using 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-free cooking experiments and 0.5 % NaBH4 and 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-added cooking experiments. In NaBH4-added pulping condition, the screened yield, kappa number and viscosity of R. luteum were found to be 43.4 %, 40.1 and 949 cm3/g1, respectively. The respec-tive values for R. ponticum were 41.9 %, 44.5 and 885 cm3/g1. The screened yields of R. luteum and R. ponticum increased by about 2.8 % and 5.3 %, respectively, with 5 % addition of NaBH4 compared to NaBH4-free cooking experiments. Furthermore, with the addition of NaBH4, the kappa numbers decreased while the viscosity increased. The physical properties of the produced papers were also improved by using NaBH4 in cooking liquor. According to the obtained results, it was found that R. luteum and R. ponticum species can be evaluated for pulp and paper production.
Renewable Hybrid Roadside Barrier: Optimization of Timber Thickness
(2023-02-01) Yorur H.; Ozcanan S.; Yumrutas H.I.; Birinci E.
Researchers have recently focused on new and original roadside barriers that prioritize aesthetic, and environmental concerns by employing natural materials. In this study, the safety performance (Acceleration Severity Index (ASI), Theorical Head Impact Velocity (THIV)), structural performance (Working Width (W), Exit Angle (α)), and failure analysis (visual deformation) of a newly developed Renewable Hybrid Barrier (RHB) system at different timber thicknesses were tried to be determined by pendulum crash test and Finite Element (FE) models. The FE models were calibrated and validated based on pendulum crash test results, and then the most suitable timber thickness in terms of safety and structural performance was determined via FE analyses. The results revealed that as the timber thickness decreased, the safety parameters, such as ASI and THIV, decreased, thus the barrier safety increased. However, it was observed that the deflection and deformations in the barrier increased as the timber thickness decreased. In this sense, the safest and the most structurally durable barrier was determined through conducting virtual optimization tests. Studies on diversification of the usage areas of natural/renewable materials should be increased in the future.
Some Physical, Biological, Hardness, and Color Properties of Wood Impregnated with Propolis
(2022-09-01) Akçay Ç.; Ayata Ü.; Birinci E.; Yalçın M.; Kolaylı S.
Propolis is a bee product collected by honeybees from various tree species in nature. It has antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancerogenic properties. Recently, propolis has been used in wood protection area because it has antifungal properties and is a natural and environmentally friendly material. In this study, some deciduous wood species were treated with methanolic propolis extracts. Propolis solutions were prepared by dissolving propolis in methanol in concentrations of 0.5%, 2.5%, 5%, and 8%. These solutions were forced deep into the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), fir (Abies nordmanniana), and spruce (Picea orientalis L.) woodblocks under vacuum and pressure. Water uptake and water-repellent efficiencies of the woodblocks were tested at 2-, 4-, and 20-hour immersion periods. Sample blocks were tested against wood-destroying house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) larvae for 21 weeks. In addition, color changes of woodblocks treated with propolis were determined. According to results obtained in the study, the highest water-repellent efficiency was 61.4% in propolis-impregnated spruce wood at concentration level of 8% during the 2-hour period. These results show that propolis extracts could be used as hydrophobic material for wood. Larvae mortality rates indicated that 8% concentration level was not adequate to overcome H. bajulus larvae or propolis is not effective against H. bajulus larvae. While L* value decreases with the increase of impregnation rate, a* and b* values increase in all wood types. As the impregnation rate increased, the total color difference also increased.
Some Properties of White and Torrefied Pellets Obtained from Oil Palm Trunk as Raw Material
(2022-01-01) Chotikhun A.; Kittijaruwattana J.; Pianroj Y.; Tor O.; Birinci E.; Hengniran P.; Lee S.H.
Properties of unheated wood pellets were compared with those of torrefied wood pellets that had been heated to 270, 290, and 310 °C, with raw material taken from two different height levels of oil palm trunk (OPT). The gross calorific value, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, density, and weight loss were examined. Air drying or oven drying pretreatment was applied to the raw materials. The results showed that the heating values of samples increased when raw materials were torrefied, depending on the heat treatment temperature. The torrefied pellets were improved by as much as 66.4% in heating value compared with OPT pellet samples. The greatest improvement was found in torrefied pellet samples prepared at 310 °C, using air drying, and height levels of OPT between 0.3 to 1.5 m. The ash content of samples tended to increase when the torrefied temperature was increased, while the volatile matter value was reduced with high temperature. Based on the findings, OPT could be used as a raw material to produce value-added white and torrefied pellets as sustainable solid biofuel.
Surface characteristics of wood polypropylene nanocomposites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(2019-01-15) Kaymakci A.; Birinci E.; Ayrilmis N.
Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) content on the surface roughness, wettability, and scratch hardness properties of wood/polypropylene nanocomposites were investigated. To meet this objective, pine wood flour, polypropylene with and without coupling agent (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene), and multi-walled carbon nanotube (0, 1, 3 or 5 wt%) were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the pine wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all the composite formulations. Test samples were manufactured using injection molding machine from the pellets. The surface roughness, wettability, and scratch hardness properties of the wood/polypropylene nanocomposites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes were determined. The surface roughness values of the nanocomposite specimens decreased with increasing MWCNT content. The MWCNT reinforced wood/polypropylene nanocomposites without coupling agent had higher surface roughness values than the ones with coupling agent. The wettability of the nanocomposite specimens decreased with increasing content of the MWCNT. The incorporation of the coupling agent into the wood/polypropylene nanocomposites decreased the wettability of the specimens. The scratch hardness values of the nanocomposite specimens improved with increasing MWCNT content.
The corporate social responsibility perception and sustainable consumption behavior of the employees in forest products industry enterprises: The case of Western Black Sea section
(2020-01-01) Öztay H.; Birinci E.
The aim of this study is to present the relation between the perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) level of Forest Products Industry employees and their sustainable consumption behavior (SCB) and to determine the direction of these relations. To that end, the data collected from the employees in the enterprises in the Western Black Sea Section with questionnaires were analyzed by statistical analysis. The results of this study show that there is a significant positive relation between the level of CSR perception and SCB. The relations between legal, voluntary and employee responsibility, which are sub-dimensions of CSR, and SCB is also significant and positive. Positive relations were found between the perception of CSR and personal transportation and energy preference, environmentally sensitive food preference, domestic water consumption and waste reduction and recycling, which are the sub-dimensions of SCB. The study reveals the positive effects of CSR activities of the organizations on employees who are important stakeholders and makes a contribution to the literature with empirical data.
Vinyl acetate modified scots pine reinforced hdpe composites: Influence of various levels of modification on mechanical and thermal properties
(2013-01-01) Özmen N.; Çetin N.S.; Mengeloǧlu F.; Birinci E.
In order to compare the effect of vinyl acetate modification (VA) at different levels of weight percentage gain, Scots pine wood flour was modified with VA to three different wt% gains (10%, 16%, and 21% WPGs). Acetic anhydride (AA) modification at 24% WPG was also studied. Modified Scots pine wood flour reinforced HDPE composites (WPCs) were produced at 30 wt% wood flour loading by using extrusion-injection molding process and the mechanical properties of WPCs were determined. The thermal and morphological properties of WPG were characterised by using TGA and SEM techniques. The increase in tensile strength was significant for VA modified WPCs in comparison to the AA modified, unmodified or neat HDPE composites. Thermal stability was also significantly improved with increasing the WPG levels of VA modification.