Browsing by Author "Benli, A."

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A study on sustainable foam concrete with waste polyester and ceramic powder: Properties and durability
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Bayraktar, O.Y.; Tunçtan, M.; Benli, A.; Türkel, İ.; Kızılay, G.; Kaplan, G.
The textile and apparel sectors currently produce millions of tons of textile waste annually on a global scale. Textile waste fibers are a viable option for sustainability as they can be utilized to reinforce cement-based composites internally by improving ductility and reducing the development of cracks. The issue of ceramic waste accumulation can be effectively resolved by using ceramic waste as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), for sustainable construction, which also lowers energy use and CO2 emissions during the cement manufacturing process. This study evaluated the fresh, physico-mechanical, durability, and thermal characteristics of foam concrete (FC) reinforced with waste polyester (WP) incorporating waste ceramic powder (CP) as a replacement of cement in the rates of 0, 10 and 20 %. Twelve mixtures with a 0.3 water/binder (w/b) ratio were fabricated using a sodium lauryl sulfate foaming agent. The WP used in this study have four percentages of 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % by volume. Durability performance of the mixtures for dry shrinkage, sulfate attack, high temperatures, alkali silica reaction and freeze-thaw cycles was also carried out. Microstructure of the mixtures was analyzed by SEM. Cost investigation and environmental impact of FC mixtures were also investigated. The findings indicated that the mixture with 10 % CP and 0.6 % WP had the largest 28-day compressive strength of 8.78 MPa, representing a 47 % decrease over the reference mixture (without CP and WP). The same mixture also exhibited the lowest dry shrinkage after the reference mixture. The mixture containing 0%CP and 0.2WP had the lowest thermal conductivity with a reduction of 74.0 % as per the reference mixture. The 0.4 % WP and 0%CP incorporated mixture exhibited the best thermal and F-T performance.
A study on sustainable foam concrete with waste polyester and ceramic powder: Properties and durability
(2024.01.01) Bayraktar, O.Y.; Tunçtan, M.; Benli, A.; Türkel, I.; Kizilay, G.; Kaplan, G.
The textile and apparel sectors currently produce millions of tons of textile waste annually on a global scale. Textile waste fibers are a viable option for sustainability as they can be utilized to reinforce cement-based composites internally by improving ductility and reducing the development of cracks. The issue of ceramic waste accumulation can be effectively resolved by using ceramic waste as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), for sustainable construction, which also lowers energy use and CO2 emissions during the cement manufacturing process. This study evaluated the fresh, physico-mechanical, durability, and thermal characteristics of foam concrete (FC) reinforced with waste polyester (WP) incorporating waste ceramic powder (CP) as a replacement of cement in the rates of 0, 10 and 20%. Twelve mixtures with a 0.3 water/binder (w/b) ratio were fabricated using a sodium lauryl sulfate foaming agent. The WP used in this study have four percentages of 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % by volume. Durability performance of the mixtures for dry shrinkage, sulfate attack, high temperatures, alkali silica reaction and freeze-thaw cycles was also carried out. Microstructure of the mixtures was analyzed by SEM. Cost investigation and environmental impact of FC mixtures were also investigated. The findings indicated that the mixture with 10% CP and 0.6% WP had the largest 28-day compressive strength of 8.78 MPa, representing a 47 % decrease over the reference mixture (without CP and WP). The same mixture also exhibited the lowest dry shrinkage after the reference mixture. The mixture containing 0%CP and 0.2WP had the lowest thermal conductivity with a reduction of 74.0 % as per the reference mixture. The 0.4 % WP and 0%CP incorporated mixture exhibited the best thermal and F-T performance.
Durability of green rubberized 3D printed lightweight cement composites reinforced with micro attapulgite and micro steel fibers: Printability and environmental perspective
(2024.01.01) Bodur, B.; Isik, M.A.M.; Benli, A.; Bayrak, B.; Öz, A.; Bayraktar, O.Y.; Kaplan, G.; Aydin, A.C.
The increasing amount of tires manufactured annually worldwide has made waste tire management a major environmental concern. The goal of this work is to investigate the potential applications of waste tire aggregates (WTA) in a novel class of affordable, recycled composite materials. This study assesses the material behavior of rubberized 3D printed lightweight cement composites (3DLC) reinforced with raw micro attapulgite (ATP) and micro steel fibers (MSF) using WTA as a 100 % replacement for fine aggregate manufactured through 3D printing. The paper takes advantage of 3D concrete printing's advantages and addresses the environmental issues associated with waste tires. The extrudability and buildability properties of 3DLC are determined in the fresh state. Physical and thermal properties of 3DLC were determined. Mechanical properties of 3DLC including compressive, flexural, shear strength and flexural toughness were assessed. 3D printed samples were exposed to high temperature and sulfate (MgSO4), and their durability properties were determined. The microstructures of the mixes was analyzed. The CO2 emissions and costs of the blends were also assessed. The outcomes revealed that, the 3DLC mixture with 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF showed the greatest compressive strength performance, with increases of 17.82 and 29.51 % at 28 and 90 days, respectively relative to the mixture without ATP. Regardless of MSF level, at 28 and 90 days, all mixes with 10%ATP content showed the largest flexural strengths. The 3DLC mixture with 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF had the highest measured thermal conductivity. The blends with 20 % ATP and 0 % MSF showed the lowest thermal conductivity. The mixture containing 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF demonstrated the greatest high temperature performance, demonstrating strength enhancement of 21.85, 6.72 and 3.36 % at 200,400 and 600 degrees C respectively. Replacing cement with 10 and 20%ATP greatly increased the sulfate resistance of 3DLC mixtures and the mixture with 20%ATP and 2%MSF exhibited the best sulfate performance. The lowest CO2 emission and cost were determined for the mixture containing 20%ATP and 0%MSF (A20S0).
Durability of green rubberized 3D printed lightweight cement composites reinforced with micro attapulgite and micro steel fibers: Printability and environmental perspective
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Bodur, B.; Mecit Işık, M.A.; Benli, A.; Bayrak, B.; Öz, A.; Bayraktar, O.Y.; Kaplan, G.; Aydın, A.C.
The increasing amount of tires manufactured annually worldwide has made waste tire management a major environmental concern. The goal of this work is to investigate the potential applications of waste tire aggregates (WTA) in a novel class of affordable, recycled composite materials. This study assesses the material behavior of rubberized 3D printed lightweight cement composites (3DLC) reinforced with raw micro attapulgite (ATP) and micro steel fibers (MSF) using WTA as a 100 % replacement for fine aggregate manufactured through 3D printing. The paper takes advantage of 3D concrete printing's advantages and addresses the environmental issues associated with waste tires. The extrudability and buildability properties of 3DLC are determined in the fresh state. Physical and thermal properties of 3DLC were determined. Mechanical properties of 3DLC including compressive, flexural, shear strength and flexural toughness were assessed. 3D printed samples were exposed to high temperature and sulfate (MgSO4), and their durability properties were determined. The microstructures of the mixes was analyzed. The CO2 emissions and costs of the blends were also assessed. The outcomes revealed that, the 3DLC mixture with 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF showed the greatest compressive strength performance, with increases of 17.82 and 29.51 % at 28 and 90 days, respectively relative to the mixture without ATP. Regardless of MSF level, at 28 and 90 days, all mixes with 10%ATP content showed the largest flexural strengths. The 3DLC mixture with 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF had the highest measured thermal conductivity. The blends with 20 % ATP and 0 % MSF showed the lowest thermal conductivity. The mixture containing 10 % ATP and 2 % MSF demonstrated the greatest high temperature performance, demonstrating strength enhancement of 21.85, 6.72 and 3.36 % at 200,400 and 600°C respectively. Replacing cement with 10 and 20%ATP greatly increased the sulfate resistance of 3DLC mixtures and the mixture with 20%ATP and 2%MSF exhibited the best sulfate performance. The lowest CO2 emission and cost were determined for the mixture containing 20%ATP and 0%MSF (A20S0).
Investigation on the sustainable use of different sizes of sawdust aggregates in eco-friendly foam concretes: Physico-mechanical, thermal insulation and durability characteristics
(2024) Özkan, İ.G.M.; Aldemir, K.; Alhasan, O.; Benli, A.; Bayraktar, O.Y.; Yılmazoğlu, M.U.; Kaplan, G.
The extensive mining of natural resources, such as sand, for the construction industry, poses a hazard to the environment. To preserve the environment, the researcher must thus take into account the use of industrial byproducts rather than natural materials. The use of sawdust (SD) produced by the wood industry in foam concretes (FC) has been investigated in this study. This study examined the physical, mechanical, thermal, microstructural and durability characteristics of FC containing SD as a replacement of silica sand (SS) in the rates of 0, 25, 50 and 100 %. Two different SD sizes of 0–4 mm (SD4) and 0–1 mm (SD1) were used in the fabrication of FC mixtures. Protein-based foam agent was used to create FC mixtures. Fourteen mixtures with a 0.6 water/binder (w/b) ratio were produced at two different cement contents of 400 kg/m3 and 500 kg/m3. The fresh, mechanical, physical, and sorptivity characteristics of the FC mixtures were investigated in relation to the impacts of cement dosage, SD size, and SD replacement levels of SS. Durability of FC against high temperature, sulfate attack and freeze-thaw cycles was assessed. Costs and CO2 emissions from the blends were also assessed. The outcomes revealed that a 25 %SD1 integrated FC mixture with a cement content of 500 kg/m3 generated the highest 28-day compressive strength of 3.56 MPa with a 20 % strength loss as per the Ref.500 mixture. 17 % lower thermal conductivity was gained with the inclusion of 100 %SD4 as per the Ref.400 mixture. The mixture with 50 %SD4 and 400 kg/m3 cement dosage exhibited the best resistance to high temperature. The mixture with 25 %SD1 and 400 kg/m3 cement dosage showed the best frost resistance. SD incorporated mixtures showed better durability performance than the reference mixtures.
Performance assessment and cost analysis of slag/metakaolin based rubberized semi-lightweight geopolymers with perlite aggregate: Sustainable reuse of waste tires
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Bayraktar, O.Y.; Benli, A.; Bodur, B.; Öz, A.; Kaplan, G.
Low-carbon binders or industrial waste can reduce or even eliminate the demand for Portland cement and other natural resources, which reduces environmental pollution in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The assessment of the mechanical, durability and microstructural properties of slag/metakaolin based rubberized semi-lightweight geopolymer composites (LWGC) with perlite aggregate (PA) is the main objective of this study. Waste tires aggregates (WTA) was produced from discarded waste tires, another environmental pollutant, and used in LWGC mixtures as substitution for the fine perlite aggregate by 0%, 20%, 45%, and 60% replacement. Metakaolin (MK) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) were used as precursors in the synthesis of LWGC. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution was used as activators. Eight mixtures were created; four of them had 100% GBFS, while the other four contained 90% GBFS slag and 10% MK. All eight mixtures were then cured for 5 h at 60 °C and 100 °C. The effects of curing temperature, WTA, and MK on the compressive, flexural strength, physical properties, and sorptivity of the LWGC were examined as well as flowability. The performance of the blends at high temperatures, freeze thaw cycles and sulfate attack was also evaluated. Microstructure analyses of the mixtures were also done using SEM. CO2 emissions and costs of the mixtures were also evaluated. The results showed that inclusion of WTA instead of PA and MK instead of GBFS decreased the flow diameter. Thermal conductivity and dry density of the mixtures also decreased considerably with the addition of WTA. The findings showed that 10%MK incorporated mixture with 60%WTA produced a compressive strength of 25.10 MPa at curing temperatures of 100 °C. The results indicated compressive strength of MK incorporated mixture with 60%WTA increased by 48.10% and 31.20% at heat curing of 60 °C and 100 °C, respectively. The mixture WT60MK0 cured at 100 °C exhibited the best high temperature resistance and the same mixture also presented the best F-T performance regardless of curing temperature. The mixture WT40MK0 cured at 60 °C and the mixture WT60MK10 cured at 100 °C performed the best sulfate resistance.
Performance assessment and cost analysis of slag/metakaolin based rubberized semi-lightweight geopolymers with perlite aggregate: Sustainable reuse of waste tires
(2024.01.01) Bayraktar, O.Y.; Benli, A.; Bodur, B.; Öz, A.; Kaplan, G.
Low-carbon binders or industrial waste can reduce or even eliminate the demand for Portland cement and other natural resources, which reduces environmental pollution in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The assessment of the mechanical, durability and microstructural properties of slag/metakaolin based rubberized semi-lightweight geopolymer composites (LWGC) with perlite aggregate (PA) is the main objective of this study. Waste tires aggregates (WTA) was produced from discarded waste tires, another envi-ronmental pollutant, and used in LWGC mixtures as substitution for the fine perlite aggregate by 0%, 20%, 45%, and 60% replacement. Metakaolin (MK) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) were used as pre-cursors in the synthesis of LWGC. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution was used as activators. Eight mixtures were created; four of them had 100% GBFS, while the other four contained 90% GBFS slag and 10% MK. All eight mixtures were then cured for 5 h at 60 degrees C and 100 degrees C. The effects of curing temperature, WTA, and MK on the compressive, flexural strength, physical properties, and sorptivity of the LWGC were examined as well as flowability. The performance of the blends at high temperatures, freeze thaw cycles and sulfate attack was also evaluated. Microstructure analyses of the mixtures were also done using SEM. CO2 emissions and costs of the mixtures were also evaluated. The results showed that inclusion of WTA instead of PA and MK instead of GBFS decreased the flow diameter. Thermal conductivity and dry density of the mixtures also decreased considerably with the addition of WTA. The findings showed that 10%MK incorporated mixture with 60%WTA produced a compressive strength of 25.10 MPa at curing temperatures of 100 degrees C. The results indicated compressive strength of MK incorporated mixture with 60%WTA increased by 48.10% and 31.20% at heat curing of 60 degrees C and 100 degrees C, respectively. The mixture WT60MK0 cured at 100 degrees C exhibited the best high temperature resistance and the same mixture also presented the best F-T performance regardless of curing temperature. The mixture WT40MK0 cured at 60 degrees C and the mixture WT60MK10 cured at 100 degrees C performed the best sulfate resistance.
Sustainable one-part alkali activated slag/fly ash Geo-SIFCOM containing recycled sands: Mechanical, flexural, durability and microstructural properties
(2023.01.01) Bayraktar, O.Y.; Bozkurt, T.H.; Benli, A.; Koksal, F.; Tuerkoglu, M.; Kaplan, G.
Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete or Composite (SIFCOM) is a unique form of steel-fiber-reinforced cement composite that possesses exceptional toughness and superior mechanical properties like compressive, shear, tensile, and flexural strengths. New supplies of fine aggregate are required since the construction industry is experiencing natural sand shortage. By thoroughly evaluating workability, mechanical properties, flexural toughness, durability and microstructure, this study demonstrates the potential of various recycled sands from different sources in the manufacture of sustainable slag/fly ash one-part alkali activated SIFCOM (Geo-SIFCOM). Recycled concrete, brick and ceramic sands were used as a substitute of 10, 25 and 50% by volume of silica sand. Steel fiber ratios of 5%, 10%, and 15% were used and exposed to heat curing for 6, 24 and 48 h at 80 degrees C. Taguchi method was used to investigate the optimum mixture. The results showed that 24 h heat-cured mixture containing 25% recycled concrete sand and 15% fiber (C25F15) had the largest compressive strengths of 68.49 MPa, 74.53 MPa and 80 MPa at 7, 28, and 91 days, respectively. All 6 h - cured mixtures containing 100% slag exhibited the best resistance to freeze-thaw and the mixtures heat cured for 6 h demonstrated the best compressive strength resistance to elevated temperature and F-T cycles regardless of FA content. The largest flexural toughness was also assessed for the mixture with 50% brick sand and 15% fiber (B50F15) heat-cured for 6 h. The mixture with 50% FA and 50%slag (50% ceramic sand and 15% fiber) exhibited the best high temperature resistance.
Sustainable use of recycled fine aggregates in steel fiber-reinforced concrete: Fresh, flexural, mechanical and durability characteristics
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Benli, A.; Bayraktar, O.Y.; Koksal, F.; Kaplan, G.
Recycling construction waste is a viable tactic for advancing environmentally friendly building methods. With regard to concrete applications, the purpose of this research is to determine whether it is feasible to use recycled fine concrete aggregates (RFA) in lieu of natural fine aggregates (NFA) and to lessen the environmental impact of natural resource depletion and landfill space. A sustainable steel fiber-reinforced concrete was created by replacing NFA with RFA at the replacement ratio of 0 %, 50 %, and 100 %. Steel fibers (SF) were also included to mixes at three different contents of 0, 25 and 50 kg/m3 in order to further improve the qualities of the concretes. Thus, the aim of this paper is to appraise how the addition of FRA affects the mechanical, freeze-thaw, fresh, and non-destructive qualities of concrete. Nine concrete mixtures were cast, and tests were made to evaluate the following properties: flowability, fresh concrete unit weight, tensile and compressive strengths, elastic modulus, surface hardness, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), freeze and thaw performance, sulfate resistance and abrasion. Moreover, microstructure properties of concrete were also analyzed. The outcomes revealed that the mechanical, flexural, and durability performances of the concrete mixtures were enhanced by substituting RFA for NFA. The mixture with 50%RFA and 50 kg/m3 SF gained maximum compressive strength of 44.82 MPa which was 20.7 % greater than the reference mixture (RFA0F0). The mixture containing 100 % RFA and 25 kg/m3 SF had the highest elastic modulus and showed an approximately 33 % augmentation in elastic modulus as per the reference mixture. The mixture with 100%RFA and 50 kg/m3 SF exhibited the largest tensile strength indicating 60 % tensile strength enhancement as per the reference mixture. Combined use of RFA and 50 kg/m3 SF in concrete mixtures had the best abrasion and freeze-thaw resistance. SF incorporated concrete mixtures with RFA exhibited worse sulfate resistance. This study contributed significantly to global resource efficiency and environmental preservation by shedding light on the sustainable use of RFA and SF in the making of concrete. The results made important contributions to global research and promote environmentally friendly building methods all throughout the world.
Sustainable use of recycled fine aggregates in steel fiber-reinforced concrete: Fresh, flexural, mechanical and durability characteristics
(2024.01.01) Benli, A.; Bayraktar, O.Y.; Koksal, F.; Kaplan, G.
Recycling construction waste is a viable tactic for advancing environmentally friendly building methods. With regard to concrete applications, the purpose of this research is to determine whether it is feasible to use recycled fine concrete aggregates (RFA) in lieu of natural fine aggregates (NFA) and to lessen the environmental impact of natural resource depletion and landfill space. A sustainable steel fiber-reinforced concrete was created by replacing NFA with RFA at the replacement ratio of 0 %, 50 %, and 100 %. Steel fibers (SF) were also included to mixes at three different contents of 0, 25 and 50 kg/m(3) in order to further improve the qualities of the concretes. Thus, the aim of this paper is to appraise how the addition of FRA affects the mechanical, freeze-thaw, fresh, and non-destructive qualities of concrete. Nine concrete mixtures were cast, and tests were made to evaluate the following properties: flowability, fresh concrete unit weight, tensile and compressive strengths, elastic modulus, surface hardness, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), freeze and thaw performance, sulfate resistance and abrasion. Moreover, microstructure properties of concrete were also analyzed. The outcomes revealed that the mechanical, flexural, and durability performances of the concrete mixtures were enhanced by substituting RFA for NFA. The mixture with 50%RFA and 50 kg/m(3) SF gained maximum compressive strength of 44.82 MPa which was 20.7 % greater than the reference mixture (RFA0F0). The mixture containing 100 % RFA and 25 kg/m(3) SF had the highest elastic modulus and showed an approximately 33 % augmentation in elastic modulus as per the reference mixture. The mixture with 100%RFA and 50 kg/m(3) SF exhibited the largest tensile strength indicating 60 % tensile strength enhancement as per the reference mixture. Combined use of RFA and 50 kg/m(3) SF in concrete mixtures had the best abrasion and freeze-thaw resistance. SF incorporated concrete mixtures with RFA exhibited worse sulfate resistance. This study contributed significantly to global resource efficiency and environmental preservation by shedding light on the sustainable use of RFA and SF in the making of concrete. The results made important contributions to global research and promote environmentally friendly building methods all throughout the world.