Browsing by Author "Ünal S."

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Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey
(2017-12-01) Lehtijärvi A.; Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi H.T.; Aday Kaya A.G.; Ünal S.; Woodward S.
Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m2. One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.
ASSESSMENT OF TOTAL PHENOLIC, TOTAL FLAVONOID, METAL CONTENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF Trametes versicolor AND Laetiporus sulphureus
(2022-01-01) Bulam S.; Karadeniz M.; Bakır T.K.; Ünal S.
In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, biologically important antioxidant activities and precious metal contents of Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill fruiting bodies collected from Kastamonu province with their unique appearances and growing environments were deter-mined. The content of phenolics in methanolic extracts expressed in gallic acid equivalents varied between 77.41 ±1.10 and 272,70 ±2.26 mg/g for T. versicolor and L. sulphureus, respectively. Also, the content of flavonoids in methanolic extracts expressed in quercetin equivalents varied between 13.82 ±0.21 and 44.29 ±0.54 mg QE/mg for T. versicolor and L. sulphureus, respectively. Antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts were expressed as percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and IC50 values. Percentage of inhibition ranged from 15.83% to 61.03% with IC50 value of 5.33 mg/mL for L. sulphureus, while 7.27% to 20.47% with IC50 value of 18.10 mg/mL was obtained for T. versicolor. In addition, mushroom samples were examined for metal content by ICP-OES. While the most abundant precious metals of fruiting bodies were Ca (23.91 ±0.14), P (17.11 ±0.05), Mg (6.77 ±0.02) and Fe (3.84 ±0.02) as mg/kg DW for T. versicolor, they were P (24.52 ±0.09), Mg (4.59 ±0.01), Ca (0.49 ±0.01), and Fe (0.49 ±0.02) as mg/kg DW for L. sulphureus. The results showed that these two mushroom species rich in total phenolic contents can also be a very valuable source of P and Mg. While heavy metals Cu (123.93 ±0.30), Ni (180.99 ±0.64), Pb (54.62 ±0.58), and Cr (35.27 ±0.33) were found as µg/kg DW for T. versicolor, Cu (36.36 ±0.53), Ni (41.51 ±0.86), Pb (3.50 ±1.26), and Cr (8.23 ±0.55) were found as µg/kg DW for L. sulphureus.
Bark beetles and their natural enemies on oriental spruce from the black sea region of Turkey
(2012-01-01) Cilbircioǧlu C.; Ünal S.
Oriental spruce, Picea orientalis (L.) Link. (Pinaceae), is one of the main tree species that naturally grows in the Caucasus Mountains and the northeastern part of Turkey, known as the Black Sea Region. This tree species reaches optimal growth in the mountainous areas of heavy precipitation in Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Trabzon, and Artvin Provinces of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, but it can tolerate a wide range of climatic zones. The bark beetle species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) that attack oriental spruce, and their predators and parasitoids, were studied in Turkey in 2005-2006. Twenty-three species of bark beetles belonging to six subtribes and two tribes of Scolytinae were identified. In addition, 84 predatory species from 21 families and 23 parasitoid species from five families were detected. Identification of these predatory and parasitic species is an important starting point for the biological control of bark beetles attacking oriental spruce in Turkey. © The South Carolina Entomological Society, Inc.
Burn severity evaluation in black pine forests with topographical factors using Sentinel-2 in Kastamonu, Turkiye
(2023-03-27) Genç Ç.Ö.; Küçük Ö.; Keleş S.Ö.; Ünal S.
Damages of chestnut blight disease on the forests of Kastamonu and methods of fighting against it
(2009-03-04) Ünal S.
Chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) is one of the most important tree species in Turkey forests and it has a considerable value as an original and secondary products. Chestnut trees which are quite useful with their fruits, leaves, blossoms, barks and wood are decreasing quantitatively day by day because of the disease (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr)Barr.) in Kastamonu province. In this province (Catalzeytin, Bozkurt, Inebolu and Cide towns), there are 1200 ha pure and 3700 ha mixed groups-chestnut forests. In these forests, chestnut trees being continued to dry up and the productivity of the trees have been decreased due to the blight. Ownership problems make the technical support in difficulty. In this study, damages of the blight in the chestnut forests in Kastamonu province are examined and fighting methods applied in the region are discussed.
Damages of chestnut blight disease on the forests of Kastamonu and methods of fighting against it
(2009-03-04) Ünal S.
Chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) is one of the most important tree species in Turkey forests and it has a considerable value as an original and secondary products. Chestnut trees which are quite useful with their fruits, leaves, blossoms, barks and wood are decreasing quantitatively day by day because of the disease (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr)Barr.) in Kastamonu province. In this province (Catalzeytin, Bozkurt, Inebolu and Cide towns), there are 1200 ha pure and 3700 ha mixed groups-chestnut forests. In these forests, chestnut trees being continued to dry up and the productivity of the trees have been decreased due to the blight. Ownership problems make the technical support in difficulty. In this study, damages of the blight in the chestnut forests in Kastamonu province are examined and fighting methods applied in the region are discussed.
Determination of nutritional and bioactive properties in some selected wild growing and cultivated mushrooms from Turkey
(2018-01-01) Turfan N.; Pekşen A.; Kibar B.; Ünal S.
This study aimed determining the contents of soluble protein, free amino acid, phenolic, flavonoid, soluble carbohydrate, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) and elements in selected wild growing and cultivated mushroom species collected from various locations of Turkey. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found for the contents of total free amino acid, soluble protein, phenolic, flavonoid, soluble carbohydrate and sugars. The total free amino acid, soluble protein, phenolic, flavonoid and soluble carbohydrate contents of mushrooms ranged from 33.57–126.57 mg g–1, 2.77–7.55 mg g–1, 28.68–157.39 mg g–1, 8.55– 30.66 mg g–1 and 59.89–343.55 mg g–1, respectively. Elemental analysis showed that mushrooms contained significant amounts of potassium (1345.07–9310.17 mg kg–1), phosphorus (1462.44–6159.45 mg kg–1), calcium (18.78–349.15 mg kg–1), sulphur (952.41–12486.63 mg kg–1), iron (80.62–606.26 mg kg–1), manganese (22.65–147.57 mg kg–1), zinc (103.26–522.81 mg kg–1) and selenium (0–115.40 mg kg–1). Nutritient composition varied with mushroom species. The means of total soluble protein, total phenolic, total flavonoid, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, sodium, iron, calcium, manganese, selenium, zinc and copper contents in wild growing mushrooms were found higher than cultivated mushrooms.
Distribution and occurrence of microsporidian pathogens of the willow flea beetle, Crepidodera aurata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North Turkey
(2015-01-01) Yaman M.; Algi G.; Giiner B.G.; Ünal S.
In this study, microsporidian pathogens in Crepidodera aurata populations were investigated. Totally 1,728 C. aurata adults were examined for microsporidian pathogens and 78 of them were found to be infected. Two species of microsporidia; Microsporidium sp. 1 and Microsporidium sp. 2 were observed in the C. aurata populations from ten localities in North Turkey. They show considerable difference from each other in the spore morphology and dimension, infection rate and host locality. The spores of Microsporidium sp. 1 were oval in shape and measured from 3.66 to 5.66 urn in length and from 1.35 to 2.22 μm in width (n=50). The spores of Microsporidium sp. 2 were slightly curled and measured from 2.44 to 3.55 μm in length and from 1.25 to 1.55 μm in width (n=50). These microsporidia were recorded from C. aurata for the first time. Here we present occurrence and distribution of two microsporidia in C. aurata populations as natural potentially suppressing factors.
Economic analysis of a biotechnical control method against the Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) in Türkiye
(2023-04-01) Ok K.; Ünal S.; Kaya G.
Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica) methanolic extracts on immune responses and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
(2016-03-01) Bilen S.; Ünal S.; Güvensoy H.
In this study, immunostimulant effects of the methanolic extracts of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica), and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Three different concentrations of extracts [0 (Control), 0.1 and 0.5 g kg-1 of feed] were individually mixed with the basal diet and fed to rainbow trout (10.28±0.1g) for a 30-day period. After 30days feeding trial, rainbow trout was challenged with bacterial pathogen, A. hydrophila. Results showed that final fish weight and specific growth rate were higher in all treated groups compared to control group (P<0.05) with no differences among treated groups (P>0.05). Both in oyster mushroom and nettle extract administered groups, feed conversion ratio was lower than in control and the lowest level was in 0.1 g kg-1 oyster mushroom group. All measured immune parameters were affected by the dietary intake of oyster mushroom and nettle extract (P<0.05). Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity was found higher in all the treated groups compared to control. Phagocytic activity was also increased in all treatment groups. However, the highest level of phagocytic activity was observed in nettle groups with no differences between two doses. Lysozyme activity was higher in all administered groups compared to control. However, the highest level of lysozyme activity was observed in 0.5 g kg-1 nettle group.Myeloperoxidase activity was elevated in treated groups compared to control with the highest levels in nettle group. Moreover, rainbow trout treated with 0.1 and 0.5 kg-1 nettle extract when challenged with A. hydrophila had the highest survival rate. No differences in survival were exhibited between control and oyster mushroom group. These results indicated an immunostimulatory and antimicrobial effects of oyster mushroom and nettle extracts in rainbow trout. However, cost-effectiveness of nettle places its better acceptance and application as an immunostimulant for rainbow trout. Statement of relevance: This study was related with non-specific immune system of fish and effects of different medicinal plant or mushroom on it. The main aim was to investigate and find new and cost-effective immunostimulant for fish, especially for rainbow trout. It was also aimed to find a disease blocker for rainbow trout especially against A. hydrophila.
First record, occurrence and distribution of entomopathogens in populations of the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Turkey
(2016-01-01) Yaman M.; Algi G.; Güner B.; Ertürk Ö.; Ünal S.; Radek R.
In the present study, the first record, occurrence and distribution of three different pathogens: two protistan pathogens; a coccidian and a neogregarine, and an entomopoxvirus from the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are given. A neogregarine pathogen was recorded for the first time from M. melolontha populations. A coccidian pathogen, Adelina melolonthae was recorded for the first time for Turkey. An entomopoxvirus was recorded from a new locality, Kocaeli in Turkey, The infections caused by pathogens were observed in the haemolymph and fat body of the adults and larvae. The occurrence and distribution of these pathogens in the M. melolontha populations are also presented.
Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in forest trees of Turkey
(2008-12-01) Cilbircioǧlu C.; Ünal S.
The family Cecidomyiidae is one of the largest in the order Diptera. Gall midges are small, inconspicuous flies, but they may be very important both in forest ecosystems and in agroecosystems. The presently known fauna of gall midges in Turkey includes 71 species belonging to 38 genera. Forest gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) fauna of Turkey was examined to determine that the composition consists of 33 species in 24 genera from 34 host tree species representing 15 tree genera. Of these, 31 species are phytophagous, 1 species is zoophagous, and 1 species is phytosaprophagous. © 2008 The South Carolina Entomological Society, Inc.
Host variations in sars-cov-2 infection
(2021-01-01) Altiok D.; Savci E.Z.; Özkara B.; Alkan K.; Namdar D.S.; Tunçer G.; Kilinç B.R.; Suiçmez E.; Çetin G.; Ünal S.; Dönmüş B.; Karagülleoğlu Z.Y.; Uncuoğlu D.B.; Tekeli C.; Mendi H.A.; Bengi V.U.; Cengiz Seval G.; Kiliç P.; Güneş Altuntaş E.; Demir-Dora D.
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the zoonotic pathogen that causes the “Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19)”, and COVID-19 itself is yet to be thoroughly understood. Both the disease as well as the mechanisms by which the host interacts with the SARS-CoV-2 have not been fully enlightened. The epidemiological factors –e.g. age, sex, race-, the polymorphisms of the host proteins, the blood types and individual differences have all been in discussions about affecting the progression and the course of COVID-19 both individually and collectively, as their effects are mostly interwoven. We focused mainly on the effect of polymorphic variants of the host proteins that have been shown to take part in and/or affect the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Additionally, how the procedures of diagnosing and treating COVID-19 are affected by these variants and what possible changes can be implemented are the other questions, which are sought to be answered.
Isolation and identification of bacteria from four important poplar pests
(2017-01-01) Yaman M.; Ertürk Ö.; Ünal S.; Selek F.
In this study, the bacterial flora of important poplar pests was studied. This included Cryptorhynchus lapathi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Sciapteron tabaniformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), Nycteola asiatica (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) and Gypsonoma dealbana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The final goal was to propose alternative ecological control agents for poplar pests and decrease the undesirable effects caused by chemical pesticides in urban areas and urban forests. Forty-three bacteria were isolated from the larvae and adults exhibiting characteristic disease symptoms of these pests in five different localities for the first time. All bacterial isolates were cultured and identified using VITEK bacterial identification systems (VITEK® 2 GN ID card prod. no; 21341 and VITEK® 2 GP ID card prod. no; 21342, bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile). The members of the genera from Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families were most commonly isolated from both pest insects.
Lanostane-type triterpenes and abietane-type diterpene from the sclerotia of chaga medicinal mushroom, inonotus obliquus (Agaricomycetes), and their biological activities
(2018-01-01) Alzand K.; Ünal S.; Boufaris M.
Three new lanostane-type triterpenes (compounds 1–3), 1 new abietane-type diterpene (compound 4), and 10 known compounds (5–14) were isolated from sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus. Their structures were elucidated through a combination of spectrometric techniques, including infrared, 1-dimensional, and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry. In in vitro assays, compounds 2 and 4–12 showed hepatoprotective effects againstd-galactosamine–induced damage in WB-F344 cells, with inhibitory effects from 35.4% to 83.8%. Compounds 3, 13, and 14 exhibited selective cytotoxicity against Bel-7402, A-549, or KB cell lines. Compounds 13 and 14 showed inhibitory effects against protein tyrosine kinases, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 23.8 and 7.4 μmol/L, respectively.
New records of Pseudophoxinus firati from Turkey (Teleostei: Leuciscidae)
(2019-06-01) Saç G.; Özuluğ M.; Elp M.; Gaffaroğlu M.; Ünal S.; Ayata M.; Kaya C.; Freyhof J.
Pseudophoxinus firati was described from one spring in the upper Euphrates River drainage in Turkey. Here we record this species from seven additional sites, three in the upper Euphrates drainage, one in the upper Seyhan and three in the upper Ceyhan River drainages. These findings largely expand the distribution area of the species and its habitats are discussed.
Nosema raphidiae sp.n. (Microsporida, Nosematidae): A microsporidian pathogen of the predatory snake-fly Raphidia ophiopsis (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae)
(2009-12-01) Yaman M.; Radek R.; Tosun O.; Ünal S.
The microsporidium Nosema raphidiae sp.n., a new pathogen of the predatory snake-fly Raphidia ophiopsis is described based on light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics. It infects the gut of R. ophiopsis. All development stages are in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. Meronts with one diplokaryon are spherical or ovoid and are 3.8 to 6.2 μm. Sporonts are spherical to elongate and measure 4.2 to 6.2 μm. Diplokaryotic sporonts divide once to produce two sporoblasts which mature into spores. Sporoblasts are elongated and measure 3.2 to 5.2 μm in length. Fresh spores with nuclei arranged in a diplokaryon are oval and measure 4.13 ± 0.25 μm in length and 2.26 ± 0.19 μm in width. Spores stained with Giemsa's stain measure 3.80 ± 0.25 μm in length and 2.18 ± 0.17 μm in width. Spores have an isofilar polar filament with six or seven coils. All morphological and ultrastructural features indicate that the described microsporidium belongs to the genus Nosema. This species has been named Nosema raphidiae sp. n. after its host's genus.
Survey of pathogens and parasites of the engraver beetle Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Turkey
(2016-01-01) Yaman M.; Algi G.; Ünal S.; Güner B.
Pathogens and parasites of Ips acuminatus were studied for the first time in Turkey. In total, 530 beetles were examined in 2007, 2008 and 2014. Two pathogens, Mattesia sp. (Neogregarinorida: Lipotrophidae), Chytridiopsis cf. typographi (Microsporea: Chytridiopsidae) and unidentified nematodes were found. The prevalence of these pathogens and parasites were 2.4, 0.9 and 52.1%, respectively. While nematodes were observed during all years, Mattesia sp. was observed only in 2008, and C. typographi in 2008 and 2014.
The effect of Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (fir broom rust) on the morphological and anatomical traits of Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani
(2021-12-01) Özden Keleş S.; Ünal S.; Karadeniz M.
Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani (Kazdagi fir), an endemic tree species in Turkey, is increasingly threatened by Melampsorella caryophyllacearum, a fungal pathogen affecting growth and development of trees. In this work, the effect of M. caryophyllacearum on tree growth and wood cell anatomical properties were investigated in four study plots at two different altitudes (low vs. high) and aspects (shaded vs. sunny) in the Ilgaz Mountain area, south-western Kastamonu, Turkey. Morphology (stem diameter and height), ring widths and anatomical cell characteristics (tracheid and ray sizes) were compared between asymptomatic and symptomatic trees within each plot. Disease incidence tended to increase with decreasing altitude: trees that were grown at relatively low altitude (approx. 1400 m a.s.l.) showed disease incidence, compared with trees at high altitude (approx. 1700 m a.s.l.). At the lower altitude, symptomatic trees had thinner, shorter stems, whereas stem diameter and height did not differ between asymptomatic and symptomatic trees at the higher altitude. In this study, symptomatic trees showed wider growth rings and greater wood cell sizes than asymptomatic trees in each study plot. The study thus suggests that low altitude may lead to higher pathogen damage in trees, and greater disease incidence may be encouraged by northern aspect.