Browsing by Author "Çeter T."

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A 2-year aeropalynological survey of allergenic pollen in the atmosphere of Kastamonu, Turkey
(2012-09-01) Çeter T.; Pinar N.M.; Güney K.; Yildiz A.; Aşci B.; Smith M.
Knowledge of airborne pollen concentrations and the weather conditions influencing them is important for air quality forecasters, allergists and allergy sufferers. For this reason, a 7-day recording volumetric spore trap of the Hirst design was used for pollen monitoring between January 2006 and December 2007 in Kastamonu, Turkey. A total of 293,427 pollen grains belonging to 51 taxa were recorded during the study period. In the 2 years of study, the period March-August was identified as the main pollination season for Kastamonu. The highest monthly pollen counts were observed in May in both years. Six taxa made up 86.5% of the total amount of pollen recorded in the atmosphere of Kastamonu. These were as follows: Pinaceae (42.9%), Cupressaceae (20.6%), Poaceae (9.7%), Quercus (5.5%) Betula (5.3%) and Carpinus (2.6%). Four of these are considered to be highly allergenic (Betula, Carpinus, Cupressaceae and Poaceae). There were also a greater percentage of highly allergenic taxa found within the city, including Betula pendula that is not part of the local flora. This shows that through urban planting, the public and municipalities can unconsciously create a high risk for allergy sufferers. Daily average pollen counts from the six most frequently recorded pollen types were entered into Spearman's correlation analysis with meteorological data. Mean daily temperature, relative humidity, daily rainfall and wind speed were found to significantly (p < 0.05) affect atmospheric pollen concentrations, but the relationships between pollen concentrations and meteorological variables can vary and so there is a need for more local studies of this nature. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Abundance of Ganoderma sp. in Europe and SW Asia: modelling the pathogen infection levels in local trees using the proxy of airborne fungal spore concentrations
(2021-11-01) Grinn-Gofroń A.; Bogawski P.; Bosiacka B.; Nowosad J.; Camacho I.; Sadyś M.; Skjøth C.A.; Pashley C.H.; Rodinkova V.; Çeter T.; Traidl-Hoffmann C.; Damialis A.
Ganoderma comprises a common bracket fungal genus that causes basal stem rot in deciduous and coniferous trees and palms, thus having a large economic impact on forestry production. We estimated pathogen abundance using long-term, daily spore concentration data collected in five biogeographic regions in Europe and SW Asia. We hypothesized that pathogen abundance in the air depends on the density of potential hosts (trees) in the surrounding area, and that its spores originate locally. We tested this hypothesis by (1) calculating tree cover density, (2) assessing the impact of local meteorological variables on spore concentration, (3) computing back trajectories, (4) developing random forest models predicting daily spore concentration. The area covered by trees was calculated based on Tree Density Datasets within a 30 km radius from sampling sites. Variations in daily and seasonal spore concentrations were cross-examined between sites using a selection of statistical tools including HYSPLIT and random forest models. Our results showed that spore concentrations were higher in Northern and Central Europe than in South Europe and SW Asia. High and unusually high spore concentrations (> 90th and > 98th percentile, respectively) were partially associated with long distance transported spores: at least 33% of Ganoderma spores recorded in Madeira during days with high concentrations originated from the Iberian Peninsula located >900 km away. Random forest models developed on local meteorological data performed better in sites where the contribution of long distance transported spores was lower. We found that high concentrations were recorded in sites with low host density (Leicester, Worcester), and low concentrations in Kastamonu with high host density. This suggests that south European and SW Asian forests may be less severely affected by Ganoderma. This study highlights the effectiveness of monitoring airborne Ganoderma spore concentrations as a tool for assessing local Ganoderma pathogen infection levels.
Achene morphology of Turkish carthamus species
(2012-08-01) Hacioǧlu B.; Arslan Y.; Subaşi I.; Katar D.; Bülbül A.; Çeter T.
The present paper represents the macro and micro-characters of the achenes of Carthamus (Asteraceae) species naturally growing in Turkey. A diagnostic identification key, descriptions and images of achenes were given. SEM investigation of seed coat sculpturing revealed 3 distinct types of surface structure: I: Striate, II: Irregularly striate and III: Finely striate. Our research shows that achene morphology is of great value for taxonomist and for plant breeders for identification of Turkish Carthamus species without the need of herbarium specimen.
Airborne fungal spore load and season timing in the Central and Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey explained by climate conditions and land use
(2020-12-15) Grinn-Gofroń A.; Çeter T.; Pinar N.M.; Bosiacka B.; Çeter S.; Keçeli T.; Myśliwy M.; Şahin A.A.; Bogawski P.
The widespread fungal aeroplankton comprises numerous plant pathogens and allergenic components. Here, we present the first study describing the airborne spore composition in the Central and Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey against the background of meteorological variables and land use. This region is climatically diverse and there are large differences in altitude and land cover. Using multivariate statistical techniques, we assessed the combined effects of the main weather factors on the airborne spore count and temporal patterns of spore season for 30 fungal taxa in five provinces with three different climate types. Moreover, we combined meteorological and land use data to search for potential source areas of airborne spores recorded at the study sites. Spore season start and peak dates substantially varied between sites (maximally 130 days between western and eastern part of the study area – for Boletus mean start date), however for most of the taxa investigated the season ended at a similar time at different sites. All the meteorological variables included in redundancy analysis accounted for 10.8–48.9% of the total variance in the fungal spore data, with the highest value in sites with continental climate. Daily mean air temperature was the most important variable and significantly correlated with the daily count of all the spore types (0.11 ≤ rs ≤ 0.84). However, when temperature range was calculated for three large, percentile-based spore count clusters it turned out that between 17% (subtropical climate) and 56% (continental climate) of the taxa showed no difference in temperature between low and high counts. Finally, based on combination of wind conditions and land use data we identified grasslands, croplands and coniferous forests as the main potential sources of fungal spores in the study area, and suggested that spores from the forests may be transported over longer distances than from open areas.
Analysis of airborne pollen of Gümüşhane province in northeastern Turkey and its relationship with meteorological parameters
(2018-01-01) Türkmen Y.; Çeter T.; Pinar N.M.
Knowledge of the types of atmospheric pollen and their concentrations in a particular area is critical for evaluating air quality and allergen exposure. This study was carried out to determine the pollen diversity and daily, monthly, and annual concentrations in Gümüşhane, whose relationships were then sought with the meteorological factors in the atmosphere of Gümüşhane. For this purpose, an aerobiological study was carried out with Hirst (Burkard) type pollen traps in the Gümüşhane city center between August 2010 and July 2012. Sampling and analysis of the pollens followed the method described by the Spanish Aerobiological Network. The duration of the main pollen season (MPS) was determined according to the 98% method, and daily pollen concentration in the MPS was statistically analyzed and compared with the meteorological parameters. A total of 41,544 pollen grains belonging to 70 taxa were recorded in Gümüşhane during the study period. In the first year (August 2010–July 2011) of the study, 36,020 pollen grains belonging to 63 taxa were detected, while a total of 5524 pollen grains belonging to 68 taxa were detected in the second year (August 2011 and July 2012). In both of the study periods, pollen grains from trees were the biggest contributors to the airborne pollen (85.6%), followed by grasses (Poaceae) (8.8%) and the other weeds (5.6%). Comparison of the meteorological parameters and pollen concentrations revealed that the meteorological parameters could have different effects on pollen concentrations of different taxa, where only the taxa that gave ≥1% airborne pollen for the study period were studied.
Atmospheric concentration of fungus spores in Ankara and the effect of meteorological factors in 2003 period
(2009-01-01) Çeter T.; Pinar N.M.
The atmospheric concentrations of airborne fungus spores change continuously according to the meteorological factors, and their intensity have important allergic effects on atopic subjects and opportunistic pathogenic effects on immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to identify the fungal spores found in Ankara atmosphere during 2003 period and to investigate the changes in spore concentrations in relation to meteorological factors. Fungal spores were sampled by using 7-day Burkard volumetric trap between January to December 2003, and probable identification was performed microscopically based on their morphological structures. A total of 433.079 spores/m3 belonging to 35 taxa were observed during the study. The rates of these taxa were as follows; 75.5% Cladosporium, 6.1% Alternaria, 2.2% Leptosphaeria, 2.2% Ustilago, 2.1% 1-septate ascospores, 2% Exosporium, 1.6% Pleospora, and 1.3% Drechslera. The other taxa with concentrations < 1 % have consisted a total of 7.1 % of all atmospheric spores (Puccinia, Curvularia, Coprinus, Nigrospora, Periconia, Melanomma, Torula, Ascobolus, Agrocybe, Pithomyces, Stemphyllium, Ganoderma, Boletus, Peronospora, Venturia, Paraphaeosphaeria, Epicoccum, Didymella, Chaetomium and Fusarium rates between 0.7-0.1%; Oidium, Xylaria, Botrytis, Melanospora, Dictyosporium, Sporormiella and Tetracoccosporium rates between 0.09-0.01%). Although fungal spores were detected in all months in Ankara atmosphere, the evaluation of the seasonal distribution of spore concentrations revealed that the highest value was detected in July (100.697 spores/m3), while the lowest value was in January (4268 spores/m3). When the effects of meteorological factors on spore concentrations were investigated, it was found that, monthly mean temperature (> 20°C) has a strong positive correlation (p< 0.01), and monthly mean relative humidity (< %50) and precipitation (0-20 mm) have strong negative correlations (p< 0.01) on the spore concentrations, while wind velocity (3 m/s) has a slightly positive effect. An annual spore calendar which indicated weekly concentrations and allergenicity levels of those identified fungal spores, was also prepared in this study. In conclusion, it is expected that these data would be helpful for the researchers in the area of aeropalinology and for the clinicians to evaluate allergic diseases.
Characterisation of Kastamonu honeys by palynological and physicochemical methods
(2023-01-01) Uzunca H.; Çelemli Ö.G.; Biyiklioğlu O.; Karabicak S.; Çeter T.
Comparison of Blueberry and Dandelion Aqueous Extracts in the Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanostructures, and Their Applications as Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa Agent
(2023-05-11) Dilek Tepe H.; Şeymanur Aktaş B.S.; Çeter T.; Yazgan İ.
We performed a comparative study using aqueous extracts of dandelion flowers and blueberry fruits to synthesize gold- (Au) and silver- (Ag) nanostructures (NSs). The blueberry extracts gave nanowire and spherical AuNSs upon changing the ratio of the extracts to Au3+precursor while altering the ratio for the dandelion extracts resulted in formation of only anisotropic AuNSs. Similar results were obtained during the AgNSs, where the dandelion extracts resulted in formation of quasi-spherical AgNSs at the tested ratio (extract/AgNO3 ratio) while altering the ratio for the blueberry extracts resulted in nanorod and nanoplates formation. We argued that this could be from dominancy of a lone compound or a group of compounds and tested this claim by introducing chrysin and amino acid mixtures to the blueberry extracts. Altering the added chrysin amount triggered nanoplate and spherical AuNSs formation while alteration in amino acid mixture content did not change the morphology, and spherical AuNSs were obtained. The antibacterial studies revealed the AgNSs are toxic to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 8 μg/mL MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) and 3 μg/mL values for the blueberry and dandelion extracts synthesized AgNSs while penicillin/streptomycin sulfate mixture carrying Dandelion-AuNSs gave 12-times lower MBC value in comparison to free penicillin/streptomycin sulfate mixture.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on seed germination, microbial quality, anatomy-morphology and physiological characteristics of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seedlings
(2013-06-01) Işlek C.; Altuner E.M.; Çeter T.; Alpas H.
High hydrostatic pressure is a non-thermal food processing technology that is found to increase the percentage of germination, decrease the germination time and improve the microbial quality of seeds. In this study, pressures of 100-400 MPa for 10 min at 30°C are used to compare the percentage of germination, the microbial quality of seeds, chlorophyll a and b, and total phenolic compounds concentrations in seedlings, and the anatomy-morphology characteristics of garden cress. Enhanced reductions of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms, and yeast and mould populations in seeds were observed, especially at 300 MPa. In addition, the percentage of germination, chlorophyll content and phenolic compounds concentrations, fresh and dry weights, and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings are higher than those of all samples, where the percentage of germination is equal to controls but higher than other samples, and radicula length is lower than controls but higher than others. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the profile of proteins extracted from Betula pendula pollens
(2014-10-02) Altuner E.; Çeter T.; Alpas H.
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has high success potential in pollen protein extraction, but its effect on pollen protein profiles has not been studied yet. The aim of this study is to put forward whether HHP processing causes a change in the protein profiles extracted from pollens or not. In this study, proteins extracted from Betula pendula pollens were studied at 100, 200 and 300MPa at room temperature for 5min. In addition, the efficiency of three different extraction solvents, namely phosphate buffer saline (PBS) buffer pH 7.5, trichloroacetic acid-acetone and Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.8, was also observed, and the results were compared with the conventional pollen protein extraction procedure. As a result, it is concluded that 200MPa for 5min has extracted similar amounts of protein compared with the conventional extraction method which lasted for 24h, which lasted for 24 h. On the other hand, the application time for 200 MPa for 5 min is extremely shorter when it is compared to the conventional extraction method.
Fruit micromorphological characters of the genus grammosciadium DC. (apiaceae) in Turkey
(2016-02-12) Bani B.; Karakaya M.A.; Çeter T.
Fruit characters of all Turkish members of the genus Grammosciadium were investigated, emphasizing on their micromorphological features. Five different ornamentation patterns of the fruit surface were observed. A multivariate analysis was done with the macromorphological characters of the fruits. The combination of micromorphological and macromorphological data clearly resolved the infrageneric classification of the genus. An identification key based on both types of characters is presented for all the studied taxa.
Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of Turkish Ribes L. (Grossulariaceae)
(2015-01-01) Kendir G.; Güvenç A.; Acar A.; Çeter T.; Pınar N.M.
The pollen, seed and fruit morphology of eight Ribes species was investigated with light microscopies (LM) and scanning electron microscopies (SEM). The pollen grains of Ribes are usually radially symmetrical and isopolar, their outlines are more or less circular, obtusely quadrangular or elliptic–obtusely rectangular. The pollen grains of the genus are oblate-spheroidal with the polar axes 18.66–31.1 μm and the equatorial axes 19.48–36.67 μm. The smallest dimensions are observed in R. anatolica, and the largest in R. multiflorum. The pollen grains are usually 5-,6-,7-,8-pantoporate or 5-,6-zonocolporate or pantoaperturate with operculate aperture. Aperture membranes are generally granulate or rarely psilate. Psilate-perforate and rugulate-perforate sculpturing are observed in the Ribes species. The seeds are elliptic, broadly elliptic, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, broadly ovate and campanulate in shape among the studied species. Seed length ranges from 2 to 4 mm and seed width from 1 to 4 mm. The apex of the seeds is acute, acuminate or obtuse. The bases of the seeds are obtuse, reture and emarginated. The hilum is elliptical or ovate. They show variation in color: dark orange, dark brown, yellow, orange and light orange. Several types of ornamentations have been observed by SEM on surface structures: psilate, striate-reticulate, indistinct striate and reticulate. All species have an epigynous berry formed from inferior ovaries. The berry is usually glabrous and globose or depressed, 4–11 mm long and 5–13 mm wide and crowned with calyx remnants at the apex. The pericarp is fleshy and indehiscent with 1–23 seeds. The fruit surface is usually glabrous or rarely hispid and verrucose in LM. The colors of the fruits vary between red with light thin bands, dark red with light thin bands, yellow or purplish red with light thick bands, orange-red and black. The surface of the berry is reticulate or indistinctly reticulate in SEM. Simple glandular trichomes have been observed in R. nigrum, R. uva-crispa and R. multiflorum. Ornamentations, pollen shape, aperture type, fruit and seed shape and color have been observed as important morphological characters.
High hydrostatic pressure processing: A method having high success potential in pollen protein extraction
(2012-06-01) Altuner E.; Çeter T.; Alpas H.
Even a single peptide that is present in the pollen wall and cytoplasm could cause pollen allergy. To produce skin-prick test kits, the first step is the extraction of these molecules. In this study, Cedrus atlantica pollens were subjected to 220 and 330MPa for 10 and 30min in order to extract these molecules. After high hydrostatic pressure processing (HHPP), the total amounts of proteins (TAPs) are measured and compared with the results of the conventional extraction method (CEM). As a result, the TAPs extracted by HHPP is 18.0210 μg/mL at 220MPa for 10min, 22.5770 μg/mL at 220MPa for 30min, 23.3810 μg/mL at 330MPa for 10min and 25.9270 μg/mL at 330MPa for 30min, while this is 1.9460 μg/mL in 24h by the CEM. In addition to these results, visual pollen deformation and eruption, pollen wall and surface damage have also been observed. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.
Investigation of antifungal activity of ononis spinosa L ASH used for the therapy of skin infections as folk remedies
(2010-01-01) Altuner E.M.; Çeter T.; Lşlek C.
Traditional folk remedies used for centuries come up focus of interest in recent years, due to the trend of use of herb-derived natural products. In addition, increasing morbidity and mortality rates of opportunistic fungal infections and accelerating antifungal resistance rates of fungi lead to the use of alternative therapies with herb-derived preparations as novel antifungals. Ononis spinosa L. (spiny restharrow), which is classified in Leguminosae family, is one of the plants used in herbal medicine as folk remedies for the treatment of skin lesions and/or infections as well as many other disorders. Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Ononis spinosa (OS) have already been supported by different studies. The roots and aerial sections of OS are the mainly employed parts for application, however local communities inhabiting at southeastern parts of Anatolia, Turkey, employ the ashes of OS widely to heal the skin infections. There have been no reports about the antifungal activity of OS ashes as far as the current literature is concerned. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of ashes of OS, collected from a rural area located at Southeast Anatolia. Ashes of OS have been obtained by burning the plant samples at 400̈C, and extracted in sterile distilled water and ethanol. The efficacy of aqueous and ethanol extracts of OS ashes were tested against 10 fungi, of which one was a Candida albicans standard strain (ATCC 95071) and the others were clinical isolates (C.albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pelliculosa, Trkhosporon asahii, Trichophyton rubrum). Antifungal susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion (DD) method and the results were confirmed with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values determined by microdilution method. The results indicated that both aqueous and ethanol extracts of OS ash showed antifungal activity against C. albicans ATCC 95071 (DD inhibition zones were 16 and 15 mm, respectively; MIC= 1.25 ug/ml, MFC= 1.25 ug/ml), whereas against C.glabrata clinical isolate only ethanol extract exhibited antifungal activity (DD inhibition zone= 10 mm, MIC= 5.00 ug/ml, MFC= 40.00 ug/ml). No antifungal effect was detected against the other clinical Candida spp, T.asahii and T.rubrum isolates. In conclusion, since our results emphasize that extracts of OS ash that traditionally used for skin disorders, showed promising degrees of antifungal activity against some of Candida strains, these preliminary data should be supported by further large-scale studies.
Investigation of pollen morphology of the genera Grammosciadium, Vinogradovia and Caropodium (Apiaceae)
(2023-01-01) Bani B.; Çeter T.
In this study, detailed light microscopy (LM) and scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of pollen grains belonging to 11 taxa of genera Grammosciadium, Vinogradovia and Caropodium were performed. The pollen is radially symmetrical and generally isopolar with the exception of Grammosciadium macrodan ssp. nezaketiae where 65% of the grains have asymmetrical appearance. All the taxa are tricolporate. Ectoapertures are discontinuous (colpus length: 14.7 ± 0.8 and colpus width: 21.20 ± 2.28) with narrow and acute at the ends extending to the subpolar region. Endoapertures are in the mid-section of the ectoapertures, which is lolangate, prolate-spheroidal in Grammosciadium scabridum, while lalongate, ellipsoidal, oblate or suboblate in the other taxa. Pollen shape is triangular and semi-triangular in polar-view. Pollen outline in equatorial view is subrectangular-straight in G. scabridum and Caropodium platycarpum, however, those were subrectangular and slightly constricted in equatorial region in all others. Based on the P/E ratio, it is prolate in G. macrodon ssp. macrodon while it is perprolate in the other taxa. Ornamentation variation (i.e. psilate, psilate-perforate, psilate-rugulate, rugulate and rugulate-perforate) was observed around the apertural, equatorial and polar regions. This character has been found as taxonomically important for the studied taxa.
Newly isolated sporopollenin microcages from Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra as carrier for Oxaliplatin; xCELLigence RTCA-based release assay
(2022-01-01) Mujtaba M.; Yilmaz B.A.; Cansaran-Duman D.; Akyuz L.; Yangın S.; Kaya M.; Çeter T.; Khawar K.M.
Sporopollenin-mediated control drug delivery has been studied extensively owing to its desirable physicochemical and biological properties. Herein, sporopollenin was successfully extracted from C. libani and P. nigra pollens followed by loading of a commonly known anticancer drug Oxaliplatin. Drug loading and physicochemical features were confirmed by using light microscopy, FT-IR, SEM and TGA. For the first-time, real-time cell analyzer system xCELLigence was employed to record the Oxaliplatin loaded sporopollenin-mediated cell death (CaCo-2 and Vero cells) in real time. Both the release assays confirmed the slow release of oxaliplatin from sporopollenin for around 40–45 h. The expression of MYC and FOXO-3 genes has been significantly increased in CaCo2 cell and decreased non-cancerous Vero cell confirming the fact that sporopollenin-mediated control release of oxaliplatin is promoting apoptosis cell death preventing the spread of negative effects on nearby healthy cells. All the results suggested that C. libani and P. nigra can be suitable candidates for the slow delivery of drugs.
Pollen and seed morphology of the genus Hesperis L. (Brassicaceae) in Turkey
(2009-06-17) Pinar N.M.; Duran A.; Çeter T.; Tuǧ G.N.
Pollen and seed morphology were examined in 35 specimens representing 25 Turkish species of the taxonomically complex genus Hesperis L. by light and scanning electron microscopes. Three main types and 2 subtypes were recognized based on the seed coat surface, pollen shape, and exine sculpturing. The seed coat ornamentation of Type I was ocellate, and pollen shape was oblate-spheroidal. While Type II was represented by reticulate seed coat and prolate-spheroidal pollen shape, Type III had tuberculate seed coat. This study revealed that both palynological and seed morphological characters are of significant importance in the taxonomy of the genus. © TÜBİTAK.
Pollen morphology of Astragalus L. sect. Onobrychoidei DC. (Fabaceae) in Turkey
(2009-10-15) Pinar N.M.; Ekici M.; Aytaç Z.; Akan H.; Çeter T.; Alan S.
The pollen morphology of 45 specimens of 29 species of the genus Astragalus L. of the section Onobrychoidei DC. distributed in Turkey was studied with light and electron microscopies. The pollen is generally 3-colporate. Pollen of the section is prolate, subprolate, and prolate-spheroidal. Size varies, with the polar axis ranging from 23.4 to 42.6 μm and the equatorial axis from 14.3 to 36.4 μm. The outline is elliptic or compressed oval in the meridional section, versus trilobulate and sometimes tetralobulate in the polar optical section. Sculpturing is usually microreticulate, rarely reticulate or rugulate in the meridional optical section, and psilate and perforate (with irregular or circular perforations) in the polar optical section. © TÜBİTAK.
Pollen morphology of some Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) taxa in Turkey
(2018-01-09) Öztürk A.; Güney K.B.; Bani B.; Güney K.; Karavelioğullari F.A.; Pinar N.M.; Çeter T.
Pollen morphology of six Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) taxa belonging to five different groups in the genus [V. georgicum (group E), V. nudatum var. nudatum (group F), V. cariense (group F), V. bithynicum (group H), V. pycnostachyum (group K), and V. lasianthum (group L)] was studied. Pollen slides were prepared according to the Woodhouse method and were examined with light-microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). All studied pollen grains are generally monads, though tetrads (5 %) were observed in Verbascum nudatum var. nudatum. Pollen grains of all studied taxa were determined as isopolar and radially symmetric. In general terms, aperture types are trizonocolporate, but also trisyncolpate (V. lasianthum 10 %, V. pycnostachum 1 %, and V. georgicum 4 %) and trizonocolpate (V. cariense 10 %, V. bithynicum 10%, V. lasianthum 90%, V. pycnostachyum 9%, and V. georgicum 96 %) aperture types were observed. The shapes of the pollen grains were determined as prolate, subprolate, prolate-spheroidal and oblate-spheroidal. The sculpture was reticulate in all cases. The results of the study corroborate that morphological features, such as pollen shape, polar axis length (P), equatorial axis length (L), aperture type, surface ornamentation, muri thickness, and lumina shape, show differences which can be taken into consideration in the systematic discrimination within the groups, and also for discrimination of the groups in the genus.
Surface chemistry dependent toxicity of inorganic nanostructure glycoconjugates on bacterial cells and cancer cell lines
(2023-01-01) Sancak S.; Yazgan İ.; Bayarslan A.U.; Ayna A.; Evecen S.; Taşdelen Z.; Gümüş A.; Sönmez H.A.; Demir M.A.; Demir S.; Bakar F.; Dilek-Tepe H.; Kasemets K.; Otsus M.; Çeter T.
Surface functionalized nanostructures have outstanding potential in biological applications owing to their target-specific design. In this study, we utilized laboratory synthesized carbohydrate-derivatives (i.e., galactose, mannose, lactose, and cellobiose derivatives) for aqueous one-pot synthesis of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanostructure glycoconjugates (NSs), and iron metal-organic framework glycoconjugates (FeMOFs). This work aims to test whether differences in the surface chemistry of the inorganic nanostructures play roles in revealing their toxicities towards bacterial cells and cancerous cell lines. As of the first step, biological activity of AuNSs, AgNSs, and FeMOFs were tested against a variety of gram (−) and gram (+) bacterial strains, where AgNSs possessed moderate to high antibacterial activities against all the tested bacterial strains, while AuNSs and FeMOFs showed their bacterial toxicity mostly depending on the strain. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination studies were performed for the nanostructure glycoconjugates, for which μg/mL MBC values were obtained such as (Cellobiose p-aminobenzoic acid_AgNS) CBpAB_AgNS gave 50 μg/mL MBC value for P.aeruginosa and S.kentucy. The activity of selected sugar ligands and corresponding glycoconjugates were further tested on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines, where selective anticancer activity was observed depending on the surface chemistry as well. Besides, D-penicillamine was introduced to galectin specific sugar ligand coated AuNS glycoconjugates, which showed very strong anticancer activities even at low doses. Overall, the importance of this work is that the surface chemistry of the inorganic nanostructures can be critical to reveal their toxicity towards bacterial cells and cancerous cell lines.