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Simple Executive Function as an endophenotype of autism-ADHD, and differing associations between simple versus complex Executive Functions and autism/ADHD traits

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dc.contributor.authorHendry, Alexandra
dc.contributor.authorBedford, Rachael
dc.contributor.authorAgyapong, Mary
dc.contributor.authorBegum Ali, Jannath
dc.contributor.authorBazelmans, Tessel
dc.contributor.authorErsoy, Mutluhan
dc.contributor.authorGoodwin, Amy
dc.contributor.authorMason, Luke
dc.contributor.authorNarvekar, Nisha
dc.contributor.authorPasco, Greg
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Mark. H.
dc.contributor.authorJones, Emily J. H.
dc.contributor.authorCharman, Tony
dc.contributor.authorDafner, Leila
dc.contributor.authorFish, Laurel
dc.contributor.authorGliga, Teodora
dc.contributor.authorHaartsen, Rianne
dc.contributor.authorHalkola, Hanna
dc.contributor.authorHolman, Rebecca
dc.contributor.authorKalwarowsky, Sarah
dc.contributor.authorKolesnik, Anna
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Chloë
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-04T21:01:38Z
dc.date.issued2024-10-23
dc.description.abstractAbstract Autism and ADHD are associated with difficulties with Executive Functions (EFs), but the prevalence and nature of these difficulties in early development is not well understood. In this longitudinal study, 107 children with a family history of autism and/or ADHD (FH-autism/ADHD), and 24 children with No-FH-autism/ADHD completed multiple EF tasks (5 at age 2 years, 7 at age 3 years). Parents reported on their child’s autism- (Q-CHAT at age 2, SRS-2 at age 3), and ADHD-related traits (CBCL DSM-ADHD scale, both ages). Compared to the No-FH-autism/ADHD group, the FH-autism/ADHD group showed lower scores on simple EFs (involving response inhibition, and holding in mind) at ages 2 and 3. Exploratory analysis linked FH-autism specifically with lower Executive Attention (top-down attentional control) at age 2, and the combination of FH-autism and FH-ADHD with lower Complex EF (involving selectively deploying responses, or updating information) at age 3. Three-year-olds’ Simple EF scores were negatively associated with ADHD-related traits. Complex EF scores were negatively associated with autism traits (before correcting for multiple comparisons). Toddlers with a family history of autism and/or ADHD may benefit from interventions to support simple EF development, whilst those already showing autistic traits may benefit from support with more-complex EF skills.
dc.description.urihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87863-2
dc.description.urihttps://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/c9tzx
dc.description.urihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39929907
dc.description.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87863-2
dc.description.urihttps://doaj.org/article/bc4e0f48c4f9434ea4bc9ce31023f678
dc.description.urihttps://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:af3a77ba-6d70-473a-a5b5-24d4ff8e80c3
dc.description.urihttps://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/af01c5a6-5342-43a6-b9b6-d67e2b56d55a
dc.description.urihttps://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/380214
dc.identifier.doi10.1038/s41598-025-87863-2
dc.identifier.eissn2045-2322
dc.identifier.openairedoi_dedup___::7475e41366c2309f65347ffa10fdac09
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1985-2521
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-8581-055x
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-8853-0537
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9623-0473
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1674-252x
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9978-7349
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0290-6124
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5747-9540
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1993-6549
dc.identifier.pubmed39929907
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85218434190
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12597/42195
dc.identifier.volume15
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLC
dc.relation.ispartofScientific Reports
dc.rightsOPEN
dc.subjectMale
dc.subjectToddler
dc.subjectEndophenotypes
dc.subjectAutism
dc.subjectScience
dc.subjectQ
dc.subjectR
dc.subjectArticle
dc.subjectEndophenotype
dc.subjectExecutive Function
dc.subjectAttention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
dc.subjectChild, Preschool
dc.subjectADHD
dc.subjectMedicine
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectAttention
dc.subjectFemale
dc.subjectLongitudinal Studies
dc.subjectAutistic Disorder
dc.subjectPreschool
dc.subjectChild
dc.titleSimple Executive Function as an endophenotype of autism-ADHD, and differing associations between simple versus complex Executive Functions and autism/ADHD traits
dc.typeArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
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