Piri, Z.Cagiltay, K.2024-03-082024-03-082023.01.010302-9743https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=dspace_ku&SrcAuth=WosAPI&KeyUT=WOS:001159610200012&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPLhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12597/19113Mental Rotation ability is a key skill for success in many careers. Thus, accurate measurement of this ability is important. Three-dimensional holographic displays can help students process mental rotation stimuli easier and demonstrate their real performances without the limitations of two-dimensional representations. There are few studies measuring mental rotation ability in Mixed Reality environments. In this study, we transferred a mental rotation test, Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (PSVT:R), into Mixed Reality. We compared the 2-D and 3-D versions of the test in terms of mental rotation performance and cognitive load with 47 participants. While the accuracy of 2-D and 3-D PSVT:R did not differ significantly, the 3-D test induced a lower cognitive load than the 2-D version. Gender difference was observed in the 2-D test but not in the 3-D test. 3-D PSVT:R is an authentic and reliable tool for measuring spatial ability. Moreover, it can be used for training purposes.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessmental rotation abilitythree-dimensional environmentsspatial ability testsmixed realityOther10.1007/978-3-031-48050-8_12001159610200012157170140581611-3349